Microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.2C-3.9Al-1.12Mn-0.3Mo δ-TRIP steel as a function of isothermal bainitic transformation temperature

Mahsa  GHOLAMBARGANI; Yahya  PALIZDAR; Ali  KHANLAKHANI

doi:10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1723

Authors

Mahsa GHOLAMBARGANI Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
Yahya PALIZDAR Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
Ali KHANLAKHANI Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i4.1723

Keywords:

δ-TRIP steel, Bainitic transformation process, Retained austenite, TRIP-assisted steel, TRIP effect

Abstract

The present investigation employed a two-stage heat treatment on a δ-transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel comprising 0.2C–4Al–1.2Mn–0.3Mo (wt%). The mechanical and microstructural characteristics that result from varied isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures following inter-critical annealing at 820℃ for 10 min are thoroughly analyzed. The microstructure of the steels consisted of δ-ferrite, α-ferrite, bainitic ferrite, retained austenite (RA), and martensite, resulting in an optimum combination of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE). The results of the investigation showed that IBT temperature had an effect on the stability of RA and the martensitic transition. Due to the increased mechanical stability of RA, the study revealed that the TRIP phenomenon was more prominent at lower IBT temperatures. Both tensile and yield strengths, as well as elongation, decreased as a consequence of the increase in IBT temperature. Maximum values of UTS, TE, and the product of these two properties (PSE) are attained (860 MPa, 41%, and 35260 MPa∙%, respectively) under optimal processing conditions (at 350℃ IBT temperature in 10 min).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

D. K. Matlock, and J. G. Speer, "Processing opportunities for new advanced high-strength sheet steels," Materials Science and Technology, vol. 25, no. 1-3, pp. 7-13, 2010.

H. Yi, "Review on δ-transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with low density: the concept and current progress," JOM, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1759-1769, 2014.

C. Liu, Q. Peng, and Z. Xue, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo-Nb microalloyed medium Manganese trip steel by cyclic quenching," Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 139-146, 2019.

J. Chiang, J. Boyd, A. J. M. S. Pilkey, and E. A, "Effect of microstructure on retained austenite stability and tensile behaviour in an aluminum-alloyed TRIP steel," Materials Science and Engineering: A. vol. 638, pp. 132-142, 2015.

E. Parker, and V. J. E. f. m. Zackay, "Enhancement of fracture toughness in high strength steel by microstructural control," Engineering Fracture Machanics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 147-165, 1973.

O. Matsumura, Y. Sakuma, and H. TakeChi, "Enhancement of elongation by retained austenite in intercritical annealed 0.4 C-1.5 Si-O. 8Mn Steel," Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 570-579, 1987.

S. Traint, A. Pichler, M. Blaimschein, B. Röthler, C. Krempaszky, and E. Werner, "Alloy design, processing and properties of TRIP-steels: A critical comparison," in International. Conference on Advanced High-Strength Sheet Steel for Automotive Applications, 2004, pp. 79-98.

K.-i. Sugimoto, and A. K. Srivastava, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of a TRIP-aided martensitic steel," Metallography, Microstructure, Analysis, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 344-354, 2015.

B. Hance, "Advanced high strength steel: Deciphering local and global formability," in Proc. International Automotive Body Congress, Dearborn, MI, 2016.

A. Haldar, S. Suwas, and D. Bhattacharjee, Microstructure and Texture in Steels: and Other Materials. Springer, 2009.

F. Zhang, X. Long, J. Kang, D. Cao, B. J. M. Lv, and Design, "Cyclic deformation behaviors of a high strength carbide-free bainitic steel," Materials & Design, vol. 94, pp. 1-8, 2016.

J. Chiang, B. Lawrence, J. Boyd, A. J. M. S. Pilkey, and E. A, "Effect of microstructure on retained austenite stability and work hardening of TRIP steels," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 528, no. 13-14, pp. 4516-4521, 2011.

R. Ranjan, H. Beladi, P. D. Hodgson, and S. B. Singh, "The Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy TRIP-Aided Steel: The Role of Retained Austenite," Metallurgical Materials Transactions A, vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 4649-4663, 2021.

X. Kai, C. Chen, X. Sun, C. Wang, and Y. Zhao, "Hot deformation behavior and optimization of processing parameters of a typical high-strength Al–Mg–Si alloy," Materials & Design, vol. 90, pp. 1151-1158, 2016.

P. Jacques, P. Harlet, and F. Delannay, "Critical assessment of the phase transformations occuring during the heat-treatment of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels," in International Conference on TRIP-aided high strength ferrous alloys, 2002.

Y. Sakuma, O. Matsumura, and H. Takechi, "Mechanical properties and retained austenite in intercritically heat-treated bainite-transformed steel and their variation with Si and Mn additions," Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 489-498, 1991.

R. Karami, and M. A. A. J. P. o. t. I. o. M. E. Abdollahi, "Mechanical and corrosion characteristics of 6061–T6 aluminum alloy samples reinforced with alumina micro and nanoparticles fabricated by friction stir processing," Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 237, no. 16, pp. 3587-3596, 2023.

S. Chatterjee, M. Murugananth, and H. Bhadeshia, "δ TRIP steel," Materials Science and Technology, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 819-827, 2007.

H. Yi, K. Lee, and H. Bhadeshia, "Extraordinary ductility in Al-bearing δ-TRIP steel," Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical Engineering Sciences, vol. 467, no. 2125, pp. 234-243, 2011.

H. Yi, K. Lee, and H. Bhadeshia, "Mechanical stabilisation of retained austenite in δ-TRIP steel," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 528, no. 18, pp. 5900-5903, 2011.

A. Pourfarokh, H. Jafarian, A. Eivani, Y. Palizdar, and N. Park, "Regulating tensile properties through bainitic transformation temperature in a hot-rolled δ-TRIP steel," Materials Science Technology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 223-232, 2020.

D. Yang, P. Du, D. Wu, H. J. J. o. M. S. Yi, and Technology, "The microstructure evolution and tensile properties of medium-Mn steel heat-treated by a two-step annealing process," vol. 75, pp. 205-215, 2021.

W. Ding, P. Hedström, and Y. Li, "Heat treatment, micro-structure and mechanical properties of a C–Mn–Al–P hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 674, pp. 151-157, 2016.

C.-Y. Chen and M.-H. Liao, "Synergistic effects of carbon content and Ti/Mo ratio on precipitation behavior of HSLA steel: Insights from experiment and critical patent analysis," Materials & Design, vol. 186, p. 108361, 2020.

S. D. Nath,, E. Clinning, G. Gupta, V. Wuelfrath-Poirier, G. L'Esperance, O. Gulsoy, M. Kearns, and S. V. Ttre, "Effects of Nb and Mo on the microstructure and properties of 420 stainless steel processed by laser-powder bed fusion," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 28, pp. 682-691, 2019.

K.-i. Sugimoto, S.-h. Sato, J. Kobayashi, and A. K. Srivastava, "Effects of Cr and Mo on mechanical properties of hot-forged medium carbon TRIP-aided bainitic ferrite steels," Metals, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 1066, 2019.

M. Bouet, J. Root, E. Es-Sadiqi, and S. Yue, "The effect of Mo in Si-Mn Nb bearing TRIP steels," in Materials science forum, 1998, vol. 284, pp. 319-326: Trans Tech Publ.

A. Kozłowska, K. Radwański, K. Matus, L. Samek, A. J. A. o. C. Grajcar, and M. Engineering, "Mechanical stability of retained austenite in aluminum-containing medium-Mn steel deformed at different temperatures," Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2021.

M. Xia, Z. Tian, L. Zhao, and Y. N. Zhou, "Fusion zone microstructure evolution of Al-alloyed TRIP steel in diode laser welding," Materials transactions, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 746-753, 2008.

H. Townsend, "Effects of silicon and nickel contents on the atmospheric corrosion resistance of ASTM A588 weathering steel," American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, vol. 1239, pp. 85-85, 1995.

D.-W. Suh, and S.-J. J. S. M. Kim, "Medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels: Recent progress and challenges," Scripta Materialia, vol. 126, pp. 63-67, 2017.

D. P. Yang, T. Wang, Z. T. Miao, P. J. Du, G. D. Wang, and H. L. Yi, "Effect of grain size on the intrinsic mechanical stability of austenite in transformation-induced plasticity steels: The competition between martensite transformation and dislocation slip," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 162, pp. 38-43, 2023.

G. Q. Li, Y. F. Shen, N. Jia, X. W. Feng, and W. Y. Zue, "Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a micro-alloyed low-density δ-TRIP steel," Materials Science and Engineering: A., vol. 848, p. 143430, 2022.

J. Lu, S. Wang, H, Yu, G. Wu, J. Gao, H. Wu, H. Zhao, C. Zhang, and Z. Mao, "Structure-property relationship in vanadium micro-alloyed TRIP steel subjected to the isothermal bainite transformation process," Materials Science and Engineering: A. vol. 878, p. 145208, 2023.

A. Grajcar, H. J. J. o. A. i. M. Krztoń, and M. Engineering, "Effect of isothermal bainitic transformation temperature on retained austenite fraction in C-Mn-Si-Al-Nb-Ti TRIP-type steel," Thermaldynamics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 169-176, 2009.

A. K. Srivastava, G. Jha, N. Gope, and S. J. M. C. Singh, "Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled C–Mn–Si TRIP-aided steel," Materials Characterization, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 127-135, 2006.

N. Van Dijk, A. M. Butt, L Zhao, J. Sietsma, S. E. Offerman, J. P. Wright, and S. van der Zwaag, "Thermal stability of retained austenite in TRIP steels studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction during cooling," Acta Materialia, vol. 53, no. 20, pp. 5439-5447, 2005.

Y. J. Choi, D.-W. Suh, and H. Bhadeshia, "Retention of δ-ferrite in aluminium-alloyed TRIP-assisted steels," Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 468, no. 2146, pp. 2904-2914, 2012.

H. Yi, S. Ghosh, W. Liu, K. Lee, and H. Bhadeshia, "Non-equilibrium solidification and ferrite in δ-TRIP steel," Materials Science and Technology, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 817-823,

Y. Palizdar, R. Cochrane, R. Brydson, F. Bygrave, and A. Scott, "Understanding the role of aluminium in low level nitrogen steels via microstructural characterisation," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2008, vol. 126, no. 1, p. 012019: IOP Publishing.

S. G. Shiri, S. A. J. Jahromi, Y. Palizdar, and M. Belbasi, "Unexpected effect of Nb addition as a microalloying element on mechanical properties of δ-TRIP Steels," Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 988-996, 2016.

K.-i. Sugimoto, M. Murata, T. Muramatsu, and Y. Mukai, "Formability of C–Si–Mn–Al–Nb–Mo ultra high-strength TRIP-aided sheet steels," ISIJ international, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1357-1362, 2007.

H. D. H. Bhadeshia, and D. Edmonds, "The bainite transformation

in a silicon steel," Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 895-907, 1979.

H. Bhadeshia, and R. Honeycombe, Steels: microstructure and properties. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.

H. Bhadeshia, and R. Honeycombe, "Steels: microstructure and properties. 2006," BH Pub, pp. 42-44.

A. Z. Hanzaki, H. PD, and S. Yue, "The influence of bainite on retained austenite characteristics in Si-Mn TRIP steels," ISIJ international, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 79-85, 1995.

S. Kim, Y. Kim, Y. Lim, and N. J. Kim, "Relationship between yield ratio and the material constants of the swift equation," Metals Materials International, vol. 12, pp. 131-135, 2006.

A. Zarei-Hanzaki, "Transformation characteristics of Si-Mn TRIP steels after thermomechanical processing," Canada: McGill University, 1994.