Influence of coconut shell powder organic reinforcement on chemical, microstructural and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ti-Ni based metal matrix composite
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v30i4.872Keywords:
Titanium, Nickel, Spark plasma sintering, Coconut shell powder, MicrohardnessAbstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are currently used in place of pure alloys and polymer matrix composites because of their unique physical properties. Titanium and nickel powders were alloyed with coconut shell powder (CSP) as organic compound reinforcement to form a TiNi-based metal matrix composite (MMC) using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The powders were mild-milled for 16 h and then axially consolidated at 850°C, heating rate of 100°C.min-1 and 50 MPa sintering pressure. Characterizations were done using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM-EDX) and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Elemental and structural characterizations of the composites revealed the formation of the Ti-rich eutectic phase, Ni-rich dendrites, and TiNi-rich phase regions with dispersed distributions of carbides and oxide phases within the system. The Ni-rich “islands” appear to be depleted with increased CSP content. However, the relative density, tensile strength and microhardness improved in samples with higher amounts of CSP powder to the optimum values of 99.9%, 1022.91 MPa and 319.71 HV.
Downloads
References
J.T. Utsev, and J.K. Taku, "Coconut shell ash as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement in concrete production," International Journal of Scientific and Tecchnology Research, vol. 1(8), pp. 86-89, 2012.
L. Kumar, K.K. Pandey, and S. Khan, "Use of coconut shell ash as aggregates," International Journal of Research in Engineering and Social Sciences, vol. 7(2), pp. 15-19, 2017.
U.J. Alengaram, B.A. Al Muhit, and M.Z. Jumaat, "Utilization of oil palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate in concrete – A review," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 38, pp. 161-172, 2013.
S. Ojha, G. Raghavendra, and S.K. Acharya, "Effect of Carbonized Coconut Shell Particles on Mechanical Properties of Bio-Based Composite," Journal of Mineral Metal and Material Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 6-10, 2016.
K.S. Chun, S. Husseinsyah, and H. Osman, "Mechanical and thermal properties of coconut shell powder filled polylactic acid biocomposites: effects of the filler content and silane coupling agent," Journal of Polymer Research, vol. 19, pp. 9859, 2012.
B.C. Bayer, D.A. Bosworth, B. Michaelis, R. Blume, G. Habler, R. Abart, R.S. Weatherup, P.R. Kidambi, J.J. Baumberg, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schloegl, C. Baehtz, Z.H. Barber, J.C. Meyer, and S. Hofmann, "In situ observations of phase transitions in metastable nickel (carbide)/carbon nanocomposites," Journal of Physical Chemistry C: Nanomater and Interfaces, vol. 120(39), pp. 22571-22584, 2016.
L. Qiao, W. Zhao, Y. Qin, and M. T. Swihart, "controlled growth of a hierarchical nickel carbide "dandelion" nanostructure," Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English), 2016. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603456.
W.Y. Wu, C.W. Hsu, and J.M. Ting, "Nanoscaled C, Ni, Pt thin films," Journal of Nano Research, vol. 6(30), pp. 29-34, 2009.
K. Sedláčková, P. Lobotka, I. Vávra, and G. Radnóczi, "Structural, electrical and magnetic properties of carbon-nickel composite thin films," Carbon, vol. 43(10), pp. 2192-2198, 2005.
E. Ajenifuja, A.Y. Fasasi and G.A. Osinkolu, "Sputtering-pressure dependent optical and microstructural properties variations in dc reactive magnetron sputtered titanium nitride thin films," Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, vol. 71(4), pp. 181-188, 2012.
E. Ajenifuja, G.A. Osinkolu, A.Y. Fasasi, D.A. Pelemo, and E.I. Obiajunwa, "Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and structural analysis of DC reactive magnetron sputtered titanium nitride thin films on glass substrates," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 27, pp. 335, 2016.
K. Kondoh, T. Threrujirapapong, J. Umeda, and B. Fugetsu, "High-temperature properties of extruded titanium composites fabricated from carbon nanotubes coated titanium powderby spark plasma sintering and hot extrusion," Composites Science and Technology, pp. 129-1297, 2012.
S. Li, B. Sun, H. Imai, T. Mimoto, and K. Kondoh, "Powder metallurgy titanium metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphite," Composites Part A , vol. 48, pp. 57–66, 2013.
Y. Yan, W. Jin, X.W. Li, J. Wang, and J.H. Liu, "Effects of pre-deformation and subsequent low-temperature annealing on transformation, mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of a Ti-rich TiNi alloy," International Journal of Materials Research, vol. 102, pp. 550-555, 2011.
S. Chowdhury, A. Maniar, and O. M. Suganya, "Strength development in concrete with wood ash blended cement and use of soft computing models to predict strength parameters," Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 6, pp. 907-913, 2015.
R. Siddique, "Utilization of wood ash in concrete manufacturing," Resources, Conservation and Recycling , vol. 67, pp. 27-33, 2012.
E.O. Hall, "The deformation and ageing of mild steel: iii discussion of results," Proceedings of the Physical Society London, vol. 64(9), pp. 747-753, 1951.
N.J. Petch, "The cleavage strength of polycrystals," The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London., vol. 173, pp. 25-28, 1953.
M.S. Asl, Z. Ahmadi, S. Parvizi, Z. Balak, and I. Farahbakhsh, "Contribution of SiC particle size and spark plasma sintering conditions on grain growth and hardness of TiB2 composites," Ceramics International, vol. 43, pp. 13924–13931, 2017.
M.S. Asl, A.S. Namini, and M.G. Kakroudi, "Influence of silicon carbide addition on the microstructural development of hot pressed zirconium and titanium diborides,"Ceramics International, vol. 42, pp. 5375–5381, 2016.
H. Salmah, M. Marliza, and P.L. Teh, "Treated coconut shell reinforced unsaturated polyester composites," International Journal of Engineering & Technology, vol. 13(2), pp. 94-102, 2013.
E. Ajenifuja, A.P. I. Popoola, and O. M. Popoola, "Thickness dependent chemical and microstructural properties of DC reactive magnetron sputtered titanium nitride thin films on low carbon steel cross-section," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 8(1), pp. 377-384, 2019.
M.E. Zeblon, E. Ajenifuja, and J.A. Ajao, "Thermal and microstructural study of slowly cooled Ni-B hard alloys containing," Journal of Material Research and Technology, vol. 8(1), pp. 359-365, 2019.
T.L. Ting, R.P. Jaya, N.A. Hassan, H. Yaacob, D.S. Jayanti, and M. A. M. Ariffin, "A review of chemical and physical properties of coconut shell in asphalt mixture," Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 4, pp. 85-89, 2016.
H.A. Abba, I.Z. Nur, and S. Salit, "Review of agro waste plastic composites production," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 271-279, 2013.
S.A. Bello, I.A. Raheem, and N.K. Raji, "Study of tensile properties, fractography and morphology of aluminium (1xxx)/ coconut shell micro particle composites," Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, pp. 1018-3639, 2015.
C. Cai, B. Song, P. Xue, Q. Wei, J.M. Wu, W. Li, and Y. Shi, "Effect of hot isostatic pressing procedure on performance of Ti6Al4V: surface qualities micro- structure and mechanical properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 686, pp. 55-63, 2016.
R. Dungani, M. Karina, S.A. Subyakto, D. Hermawan, and A. Hadiyane, "agricultural waste fibers towards sustainability and advanced utilization: A review," Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 15(1-2), pp. 42-55, 2016.
H. Feng, D. Jia, and Y. Zhou, "Spark plasma sintering reaction synthesized TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites," Composites: Part A, pp. 558-563, 2005.
K.L. Firestein, S. Corthay, A E. Steinman, A.T. Matveev, A.M. Kovalskii, I.V. Sukhorukova, D. Golberg, and D.V. Shtansky, "High-strength aluminum-based composites reinforced with BN, AlB2 and AlN particles fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering of Al-BN powder mixtures," Materials Science & Engineering A, vol. 681, pp. 1-9, 2017.
M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, and A.K. Gogia, "Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopedic implants-A review," Progress in Materials Science, vol. 54, pp. 397-425, 2009.
S. Gorsse, and D.B. Miracle, "Mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V/TiB composites with randomly oriented and aligned TiB reinforcements," Acta Materialia, vol. 51, pp. 2427-2442, 2003.
N.S. Karthiselva, S. Kashyap, D. Yadav, B.S. Murty, and S.R. Bakshi, "Densification mechanisms during reactive spark plasma sintering of Titanium diboride and Zirconium diboride," Philosophical Magazine, vol. 97(19), pp. 1588-1609, 2017.
K. Kondoh, Titanium metal matrix composites by powder metallurgy (PM) routes, Osaka, Japan: Osaka University, Joining and Welding Research Institute (JWRI), 2015.
M.A. Lagos, I. Agote, G. Atxaga, O. Adarraga and L. Pambaguian, "Fabrication and characterisation of titanium matrix composites obtained using a combination of self propagating high temperature synthesis and spark plasma sintering.," Materials Science & Engineering A, vol. 655, pp. 44-49, 2016.
M.A. Lagos, and I. Agote, "SPS synthesis and consolidation of TiAl alloys from elemental powders: microstructure evolution," Intermetallics, vol. 36, pp. 51-56, 2013.
D.O. Moskovskikh, K.A. Paramonov, A.A. Nepapushev, N.F. Shkodich, and A.S. Mukasyan, "Bulk boron carbide nanostructured ceramics by reactive spark plasma sintering," Ceramics International, vol. 43(11), pp. 8190-8194, 2017.
E.W. Neuman, G.E. Hilmas, and W.G. Fahrenholtz, "Processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride-boron carbide ceramics," Ceramics International, vol. 43(9), pp. 6942-6948, 2017.
B.A. Obadele, O.O. Ige, and P.A. Olubambi, "Fabrication and characterization of titanium-nickel-zirconia matrix composites prepared by spark plasma sintering," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 710, pp. 825-830, 2017.
S. Ranganath, "A review on particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 32, pp. 1-16, 1997.
M. Zadra, and L. Girardini, "High-performance, low-cost titanium metal matrix composites," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 608, pp. 155-163, 2014.
C.J. Zhang, F.T. Kong, S.L. Xiao, E.T. Zhao, L.J. Xu, and Y. Y. Chen, "Evolution of microstructure and tensile properties of in situ titanium matrix composites with volume fraction of (TiB/TiC) reinforcements," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 548, 2012.
J.R. Cahoon, " An improved equation relating hardness to ultimate strength," Metalurgical Transactions, vol. 3, pp. 3040, 1972.
J.R. Cahoon, W.H. Broughton, and K.A. R, "The determination of yield strength from hardness measurements," Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 2(7), pp. 1979-1983, 1971.
Z. Xinghong, X. Qiang, H. Jiecai, and V. Kvanin, "Self-propagating high temperature combustion synthesis of TiB/Ti composites," Mater Sci Eng, A, vol. 348(1-2), pp. 41–46, 2003.
K. Geng, W. Lu, Y. Qin, and D. Zhang, "In situ preparation of titanium matrix composites reinforced with TiB whiskers and Y2O3 particles," Mater Res Bull, vol. 39(6), pp. 873-879, 2004.
K. Kondoh, T. Threrujirapapong, H. Imai, J. Umeda, and B. Fugetsu, "Characteristics of powder metallurgy pure titanium matrix composite reinforced with multi-wall carbon nanotubes," Compos Sci Technol, vol. 69(7-8), pp. 1077–1081, 2009.
Z. Yan, F. Chen, Y. Cai, and Y. Zheng, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ synthesized TiB whiskers reinforced titanium matrix composites by high-velocity compaction," Powder Technol , vol. 267, pp. 309-314, 2014.
G. Sivakumar, V. Ananthi, and S. Ramanathan, "Production and mechanical properties of nano SiC particle reinforced Ti–6Al–4V matrix composite," Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China, vol. 27(1), pp. 82–90, 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
