Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash-based geopolymer composites by wollastonite reinforcement

Khanthima Hemra; Takaomi  Kobayashi; Pavadee  Aungkavattana; Sirithan Jiemsirilers

doi:10.55713/jmmm.v31i4.1230

Authors

Khanthima Hemra Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
Takaomi Kobayashi Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 9402188 Japan
Pavadee Aungkavattana National Nanotechnology Center, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Luang, Pathum thani, 12120 Thailand
Sirithan Jiemsirilers Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v31i4.1230

Keywords:

wollastonite, geopolymer composite, compressive strength, thermal stability, dilatometry

Abstract

The present study investigated the mechanical and thermal properties of geopolymer composite. The geopolymer composite was prepared by mixing fly ash and wollastonite with the alkaline activator, which was 6 M KOH:K₂SiO₃ in a mass ratio of 1:1 and a solid:liquid mass ratio of 3:2. The compressive strength at 28 days of geopolymer was 33.3 MPa and possessed the highest strength of 38.3 MPa when 30 wt% wollastonite was added. The flexural strength presented differently whereby it increased from 2.1 MPa to 6.8 MPa. It increased remarkably up to 200% with the addition of 50 wt% wollastonite. The geopolymer composites were exposed to high temperatures at 800℃ to 1100°C for 2 h. Cracks were reduced since 20 wt% wollastonite was added. A high percentage of wollastonite presented excellent thermal stability. The total weight loss of the geopolymer composite at temperatures of 30℃ to 1400°C was minimized. It decreased from 25% to 12% when 50 wt% wollastonite was added, and the dilatometric data resulted in a dimensional change of almost zero. The phase development of the geopolymer composites at high temperatures showed the crystallization of leucite, kalsilite, calcium silicate, calcium aluminium silicate, and calcium aluminium oxide, which were the high temperature stable phases. The results indicated that wollastonite reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer composites are promising for use in high temperature applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

J. Davidovits, “Geopolymers - Inorganic polymeric new materials,” Journal of Thermal Analysis, vol. 37, pp. 1633-1656, 1991.

X. Y. Zhuang, L. Chen, S. Komarneni, C. H. Zhou, D. S. Tong, H. M. Yang, W. H. Yu, and H. Wang, “Fly ash-based geopolymer: Clean production, properties and applications,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 125, pp. 253-267, 2016.

E. Kamseu, C. Djangang, P. Veronesi, A. Fernanda, U. C. Melo, V. M. Sglavo, and C. Leonelli, “Transformation of the geopolymer gels to crystalline bonds in cold-setting refractory concretes: Pore evolution, mechanical strength and microstructure,” Materials and Design, vol. 88, pp. 336-344, 2015.

D. L. Y. Kong and J. G. Sanjayan, “Damage behavior of geopolymer composites exposed to elevated temperatures,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, pp. 986-991, 2008.

L. Zuda, J. Drchalová, P. Rovnaník, P. Bayer, Z. Keršner, and R. Černý, “Alkali-activated aluminosilicate composite with heat-resistant lightweight aggregates exposed to high temperatures: Mechanical and water transport properties,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 32, pp. 157-163, 2010.

E. Kamseu, A. Rizzuti, C. Leonelli, and D. Perera, “Enhanced thermal stability in K2O-metakaolin-based geopolymer concretes by Al2O3 and SiO2 fillers addition,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 45, pp. 1715-1724, 2010.

V. F. F. Barbosa and K. J. D. MacKenzie, “Thermal behaviour of inorganic geopolymers and composites derived from sodium polysialate,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 38, pp. 319-331, 2003.

K. Hemra and P. Aungkavattana, “Effect of cordierite addition on compressive strength and thermal stability of metakaolin based geopolymer,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 27, pp. 1021-1026, 2016.

S. A. Bernal, J. Bejarano, C. Garzón, R. Mejía De Gutiérrez, S. Delvasto, and E. D. Rodríguez, “Performance of refractory aluminosilicate particle/fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 1919-1928, 2012.

L. Vickers, W. D. A. Rickard, and A. Van Riessen, “Strategies to control the high temperature shrinkage of fly ash based geopolymers,” Thermochimica Acta, vol. 580, pp. 20-27, 2014.

T. Alomayri, “Effect of glass microfibre addition on the mechanical performances of fly ash-based geopolymer composites,” Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, vol. 5, pp. 334-340, 2017.

P. Nuaklong, A. Wongsa, K. Boonserm, C. Ngohpok, P. Jongvivatsakul, V. Sata, P. Sukontasukkul, and P. Chindaprasirt, “Enhancement of mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer containing fine recycled concrete aggregate with micro carbon fiber,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 41, p. 102403, 2021.

P. Timakul, W. Rattanaprasit, and P. Aungkavattana, “Enhancement of compressive strength and thermal shock resistance of fly ash-based geopolymer composites,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 121, pp. 653-658, 2016.

P. Timakul, W. Rattanaprasit, and P. Aungkavattana, “Improving compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer composites by basalt fibers addition,” Ceramics International, vol. 42, pp. 6288-6295, 2016.

S. Wattanasiriwech, F. Arif Nurgesang, D. Wattanasiriwech, and P. Timakul, “Characterisation and properties of geopolymer composite part 1: Role of mullite reinforcement,” Ceramics International, vol. 43, pp. 16055-16062, 2017.

M. Lahoti, K. H. Tan, and E. H. Yang, “A critical review of geopolymer properties for structural fire-resistance applications,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 221, pp. 514-526, 2019.

M. Nawaz, A. Heitor, and M. Sivakumar, “Geopolymers in construction - recent developments,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 260, p. 120472, 2020.

H. Xue, G. Wang, M. Hu, and B. Chen, “Modification of wollastonite by acid treatment and alkali-induced redeposition for use as papermaking filler,” Powder Technology, vol. 276, pp. 193-199, 2015.

M. Abdel Wahab, I. Abdel Latif, M. Kohail, and A. Almasry, “The use of Wollastonite to enhance the mechanical properties of mortar mixes,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 152, pp. 304-309, 2017.

S. K. Saxena, M. Kumar, D. S. Chundawat, and N. B. Singh, “Utilization of wollastonite in cement manufacturing,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 29, pp. 733-737, 2020.

F. H. G. Leite, T. F. Almeida, R. T. Faria, and J. N. F. Holanda, “Synthesis and characterization of calcium silicate insulating material using avian eggshell waste,” Ceramics International, vol. 43, pp. 4674-4679, 2017.

N. A. Nair, and V. Sairam, “Research initiatives on the influence of wollastonite in cement-based construction material- A review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 283, p. 124665, 2021.

R. I. Khan, and W. Ashraf, “Effects of ground wollastonite on cement hydration kinetics and strength development,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 218, pp. 150-161, 2019.

H. E. Yücel, and S. Özcan, “Strength characteristics and micro-structural properties of cement mortars incorporating synthetic wollastonite produced with a new technique,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 223, pp. 165-176, 2019.

S. H. Bong, B. Nematollahi, M. Xia, A. Nazari, and J. Sanjayan, “Properties of one-part geopolymer incorporating wollastonite as partial replacement of geopolymer precursor or sand,” Materials Letters, vol. 263, p. 127236, 2020.

E. I. Diaz, E. N. Allouche, and S. Eklund, “Factors affecting the suitability of fly ash as source material for geopolymers,” Fuel, vol. 89, pp. 992-996, 2010.

Z. Su, L. Guo, Z. Zhang, and P. Duan, “Influence of different fibers on properties of thermal insulation composites based on geopolymer blended with glazed hollow bead,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 203, pp. 525-540, 2019.

Z. He, A. Shen, Z. Lyu, Y. Li, H. Wu, and W. Wang, “Effect of wollastonite microfibers as cement replacement on the properties of cementitious composites: A review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 261, p. 119920, 2020.

J. Archez, N. Texier-Mandoki, X. Bourbon, J. F. Caron, and S. Rossignol, “Influence of the wollastonite and glass fibers on geopolymer composites workability and mechanical properties,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 257, p. 119511, 2020.

N. Ranjbar, and M. Zhang, “Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: A review,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 107, p. 103498, 2020.

T. Bakharev, “Geopolymeric materials prepared using Class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, pp. 1224-1232, 2005.

D. Panias, I. P. Giannopoulou, and T. Perraki, “Effect of synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 301, pp. 246-254, 2007.

Y. He, X. Zhao, L. Lu, L. J. Struble, and S. Hu, “Effect of C/S ratio on morphology and structure of hydrothermally synthesized calcium silicate hydrate,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, vol. 26, pp. 770-773, 2011.

G. M. Canfield, J. Eichler, K. Griffith, and J. D. Hearn, “The role of calcium in blended fly ash geopolymers,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 49, pp. 5922-5933, 2014.

A. Wongsa, K. Boonserm, C. Waisurasingha, V. Sata, and P. Chindaprasirt, “Use of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash in high calcium fly ash geopolymer matrix,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 148, pp. 49-59, 2017.

M. Criado, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández-Jiménez, “Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products,” Fuel, vol. 84, pp. 2048-2054, 2005.

L. Reig, M. M. Tashima, M. V. Borrachero, J. Monzó, C. R. Cheeseman, and J. Payá, “Properties and microstructure of alkali-activated red clay brick waste,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 43, pp. 98-106, 2013.

W. Zhou, C. Yan, P. Duan, Y. Liu, Z. Zhang, X. Qiu, and D. Li, “A comparative study of high- and low-Al2O3 fly ash based-geopolymers: The role of mix proportion factors and curing temperature,” Materials and Design, vol. 95, pp. 63-74, 2016.

A. A. Siyal, K. A. Azizli, Z. Man, L. Ismail, and M. I. Khan, “Geopolymerization kinetics of fly ash based geopolymers using JMAK model,” Ceramics International, vol. 42, pp. 15575-15584, 2016.

W. Chen, Y. Liang, X. Hou, J. Zhang, H. Ding, S. Sun, and H. Cao, “Mechanical grinding preparation and characterization of TiO2-coated wollastonite composite pigments,” Materials, vol. 11, p. 593, 2018.

P. Duxson, A. Fernández-Jiménez, J. L. Provis, G. C. Lukey, A. Palomo, and J. S. J. Van Deventer, “Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, pp. 2917-2933, 2007.

K. Hemra, S. Yamaguchi, T. Kobayashi, P. Aungkavattana, and S. Jiemsirilers, “Compressive strength and setting time modification of class C fly ash-based geopolymer partially replaced with kaolin and metakaolin,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 766, pp. 157-163, 2018.

S. Kwon, T. Nishiwaki, H. Choi, and H. Mihashi, “Effect of wollastonite microfiber on ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced cement-based composites based on application of multi-scale fiber-reinforcement system,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, vol. 13, pp. 332-344, 2015.

J. Temuujin, W. Rickard, and A. Van Riessen, “Characterization of various fly ashes for preparation of geopolymers with advanced applications,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 24, pp. 495-498, 2013.

S. M. A. El-Gamal, F. S. Hashem, and M. S. Amin, “Thermal resistance of hardened cement pastes containing vermiculite and expanded vermiculite,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 109, pp. 217-226, 2012.

M. Lahoti, K. K. Wong, K. H. Tan, and E. H. Yang, “Effect of alkali cation type on strength endurance of fly ash geopolymers subject to high temperature exposure,” Materials and Design, vol. 154, pp. 8-19, 2018.

M. Yu, E. Bernardo, P. Colombo, A. R. Romero, P. Tatarko, V. K. Kannuchamy, M. M. Titirici, E. G. Castle, O. T. Picot, and M. J. Reece, “Preparation and properties of biomorphic potassium-based geopolymer (KGP)-biocarbon (CB) composite,” Ceramics International, vol. 44, pp. 12957-12964, 2018.

G. Roviello, L. Ricciotti, C. Ferone, F. Colangelo, R. Cioffi, and O. Tarallo, “Synthesis and characterization of novel epoxy geopolymer hybrid composites,” Materials, vol. 6, pp. 3943-3962, 2013.

S. Donatello, C. Kuenzel, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández-Jiménez, “High temperature resistance of a very high volume fly ash cement paste,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 45, pp. 234-242, 2014.

P. Duxson, G. C. Lukey, and J. S. J. van Deventer, “The thermal evolution of metakaolin geopolymers: Part 2 - Phase stability and structural development,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 353, pp. 2186-2200, 2007.

W. M. Kriven, J. L. Bell, and M. Gordon, “Ceramic Transactions,” Ceramic Transections, vol. 260, pp. 227-250, 2016.

E. Tajuelo Rodriguez, K. Garbev, D. Merz, L. Black, and I. G. Richardson, “Thermal stability of C-S-H phases and applicability of Richardson and Groves’ and Richardson C-(A)-S-H(I) models to synthetic C-S-H,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 93, pp. 45-56, 2017.

Q. Zhang, and G. Ye, “Dehydration kinetics of Portland cement paste at high temperature,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 110, pp. 153-158, 2012.