Mechanical properties and microstructure of hybrid vulcanized natural rubber filled with carbon black and nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> from <i>Achatina achatina</i> Shells

Authors

  • Reginald Umunakwe Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
  • Akinlabi Oyetunji Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
  • Benjamin Omotayo Adewuyi Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
  • Wilson Uzochukwu Eze Directorate of Polymer and Environmental Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
  • Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe Laboratory SYMME, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Annecy, France
  • Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v29i4.555

Keywords:

Natural rubber, Vulcanization, Fillers, Calcium carbonate, Carbon black

Abstract

Nano-CaCO3 (NCC) obtained from Achatina achatina shells were used as single filler and as partial replacement of carbon black (CB) to produce vulcanized natural rubber (NR) filled at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 pphr. The SEM micrographs showed that the dispersion of the fillers in the hybrid composites up to 15wt% replacement of CB was very good. Higher strengths were obtained up to 25 pphr for composites that contained 95wt%CB/5wt%NCC and 90wt%CB/10wt%NCC, while the composites that contained 85wt%CB/15wt%NCC showed higher strength up to 20 pphr compared to the CB filled samples. The NR filled with hybrid CB/NCC up to 15wt% replacement of CB offered comparative hardness and abrasion resistance; while 95wt%CB/5wt% NCC filled sample showed lower compression set over CB reinforced samples up to 30 pphr and comparative tensile strength, hardness, elastic modulus and abrasion resistance. As single filler, the synthesized nanoparticles imparted significant improvement in the mechanical properties of vulcanized NR; however, the properties were inferior to the CB reinforced sample due to poor dispersion of the NCC in vulcanized NR. The thermal and oxidative stability of the hybrid composites up to 15wt% replacement of CB were better than those of the CB filled samples.

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Author Biographies

Reginald Umunakwe, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Lecturer I, 

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering,

Akinlabi Oyetunji, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Assocate Professor,

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Benjamin Omotayo Adewuyi, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Professor, 

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Wilson Uzochukwu Eze, Directorate of Polymer and Environmental Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Lecturer

Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe, Laboratory SYMME, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Annecy, France

Doctoral Scholar

Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Teaching Assistant,

Chemistry

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Published

2019-12-26

How to Cite

[1]
R. Umunakwe, A. Oyetunji, B. O. Adewuyi, W. U. . Eze, U. S. Nwigwe, and I. J. Umunakwe, “Mechanical properties and microstructure of hybrid vulcanized natural rubber filled with carbon black and nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> from <i>Achatina achatina</i> Shells”, J Met Mater Miner, vol. 29, no. 4, Dec. 2019.

Issue

Vol. 29 No. 4 (2019)

Section

Original Research Articles

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