Mechanical properties and microstructure of hybrid vulcanized natural rubber filled with carbon black and nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> from <i>Achatina achatina</i> Shells

Authors

  • Reginald Umunakwe Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
  • Akinlabi Oyetunji Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
  • Benjamin Omotayo Adewuyi Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
  • Wilson Uzochukwu Eze Directorate of Polymer and Environmental Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
  • Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe Laboratory SYMME, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Annecy, France
  • Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v29i4.555

Keywords:

Natural rubber, Vulcanization, Fillers, Calcium carbonate, Carbon black

Abstract

Nano-CaCO3 (NCC) obtained from Achatina achatina shells were used as single filler and as partial replacement of carbon black (CB) to produce vulcanized natural rubber (NR) filled at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 pphr. The SEM micrographs showed that the dispersion of the fillers in the hybrid composites up to 15wt% replacement of CB was very good. Higher strengths were obtained up to 25 pphr for composites that contained 95wt%CB/5wt%NCC and 90wt%CB/10wt%NCC, while the composites that contained 85wt%CB/15wt%NCC showed higher strength up to 20 pphr compared to the CB filled samples. The NR filled with hybrid CB/NCC up to 15wt% replacement of CB offered comparative hardness and abrasion resistance; while 95wt%CB/5wt% NCC filled sample showed lower compression set over CB reinforced samples up to 30 pphr and comparative tensile strength, hardness, elastic modulus and abrasion resistance. As single filler, the synthesized nanoparticles imparted significant improvement in the mechanical properties of vulcanized NR; however, the properties were inferior to the CB reinforced sample due to poor dispersion of the NCC in vulcanized NR. The thermal and oxidative stability of the hybrid composites up to 15wt% replacement of CB were better than those of the CB filled samples.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Reginald Umunakwe, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Lecturer I, 

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering,

Akinlabi Oyetunji, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Assocate Professor,

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Benjamin Omotayo Adewuyi, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Professor, 

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Wilson Uzochukwu Eze, Directorate of Polymer and Environmental Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Lecturer

Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe, Laboratory SYMME, University of Savoy Mont Blanc, Annecy, France

Doctoral Scholar

Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Teaching Assistant,

Chemistry

References

Q. Fang, B. Song, T-T. Tee, L. T. Sin, D. Hui, and S-T. Bee, “investigation of dynamic characteristics of nano-size calcium carbonate added in natural rubber vulcanizate,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 60, pp. 561-567, 2014.

M. M. Kamal, J. Clarke, and M. A. Ahmad, “Comparison of properties of natural rubber compounds with various fillers,” Journal of Rubber Research, vol. 12 (1), pp. 27-44, 2009.

I. Khan, and A. Bhat, “Micro and nano calcium carbonate filled natural rubber composites and nanocomposites,” in: RSC Polymer Chemistry Series No. 8 Natural Rubber Materials, Volume 2: Composites and Nanocomposites. Ed. by S. Thomas, H. J. Maria, J. P. Joy, C. H. Chan, and L. A. Pothen, London: Royal Society of Chmistry, 2014, vol. 2, pp. 467-487.

C. Wang, J. Zhao, X. Zhao, H. Bala, and Z. Wang, “Synthesis of nanosized calcium carbonate (aragonite) via a polyacrylamide inducing process.,” Powder Technology, Vvol. 163, pp. 134-138, 2006.

L. Liang, Y. C. Lam, K. C. Tam, T. H. Chua, G. W. Sim, and L. S. Ang, “Strengthening acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) with nano-sized and micron-sized calcium carbonate,” Polymer, vol. 46, pp. 243-252, 2005.

S. Manroshan and A. Baharin, “Effect of nanosized calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of latex films,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 96, pp. 1550- 1556, 2005.

S. S. Fernandez and S. Kunchandy, “Comparative study of the cure and mechanical properties of natural rubber/expandable graphite vulcanizate filled with nano and precipitated calcium carbonate,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 25(15), pp. 8638-8642, 2013.

S. Attharangsan, H. Ismail, M. A. Bakar, and J. Ismail, “Carbon black (CB)/rice husk powder (RHP) hybrid filler-filled natural rubber composites: effect of CB/RHP ratio on property of the composites,” Polymer-Plasts Technology and Engineering, vol. 51(7), Pp. 655-662, 2012.

S. Prasertsri, C. Vudjung, I. Wunchai., S. Srichan, K. Sapprasert, and J. Kongon, “Comparison of reinforcing efficiency between calcium carbonate/carbon black and calcium carbonate/silica hybrid filled natural rubber composites,” Defect and Diffusion Forum, vol. 382, pp. 94-98, 2018.

A. Oyetunji, R. Umunakwe, B. O. Adewuyi, U. S. Nwigwe, and I. J. Umunakwe, “Evaluating the properties of nanoparticles of calcium carbonate obtained from the shells of african giant land snails (Achatina achatina) via in situ deposition technique,” UPB Scientific Bulletin: Series B Chemistry and Materials Science, vol 81(1), pp. 85-94, 2019.

ASTM D 3184-89, “Standard Test Method for Rubber-Evaluation of Natural Rubber (Natural Rubber),” in: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 1989.

ASTM D 412-06a, “Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension,” in: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 2006.

ISO 7619-1:2010, “Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic—Determination of Indentation Hardness—Part 1: Durometer Method (Shore hardness),” ISO Standard, 2010.

ISO 4649:2010 (E), “Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic - Determination of Abrasion Resistance using a Rotating Cylindrical Drum Device,” ISO Standard, 2010.

ASTM D D 395 – 03 (2003), “Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set,” in: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 2003.

I. O. Igwe, and A. A. Ejim, “Studies on mechanical and end-use properties of natural rubber filled with snail shell powder,” Materials Sciences and Application, vol. 2, pp. 802-810, 2011.

H. Norazlina, A. R. M. Fahmi and W. M. Hafizuddin, “CaCO3 from sea shells as a reinforcing filler for natural rubber,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 1481-1488, 2015.

M. Galimberti, V. Cipolletti, and V. Kuma, “Nanofillers in natural rubber,” in: Natural Rubber Materials: Volume 2: Composites and Nanocomposites. Ed. by S. Thomas, C. H. Chan, L. Pothen, J. Joy, and H. Maria. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014, ISBN:978-1- 84973-631-2, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

G. Heinrich, and T. A. Vilgis, “Contribution of entanglements to the mechanical properties of carbon blackfilled polymer networks”, Macromolecules, vol. 26, pp. 1109-1119, 1993.

J-B. Donnet, and E. Custodero, E. (2013). “Reinforcement of elastomers by particulate fillers,” in: The Science and Technology of Rubber 4th Edition. Ed by J. E. Mark, B. Erman, and R. C. Michael. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, 2014, pp. 383-416.

F. M. Nejad, M. Tolouei, H. Nazari, and A. Naderan, A., “Effects of calcium carbonate nanoparticles and fly ash on mechanical and permeability properties of concrete,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, vol. 7(1), pp. 651- 668, 2018.

Z. H. Li, J. Zhang, and S. J. Chen, “Effects of carbon blacks with various structures on vulcanization and reinforcement of filled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber”, eXPRESS Polymer Letters, vol. 2(10), 6pp. 95-704, 2008.

Z. G. Abdulkadhim, “Influence calcium carbonate nano-particles CaCO3 on mechanical properties for NR compound,” International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, vol. 14(2), pp. 114-117, 2014.

J. Johns, and V. L. Rao, “Thermal stability, morphology and x-ray diffraction studies on dynamically vulcanized natural rubber chitosan blend,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 44, pp. 4087-4094, 2009.

I. L. Haridan, “A Comparative Study of Natural Rubber Modified with Ground Tire Rubber of Truck”. Barcelona: Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 2016.

J. T. Varkey, S. Augustine, and S. Thomas, “Thermal deegrdation of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber latex blend blends by themogravimetric method,” Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, vol. 39(3), pp. 415-435, 2000.

Downloads

Published

2019-12-26

How to Cite

[1]
R. Umunakwe, A. Oyetunji, B. O. Adewuyi, W. U. . Eze, U. S. Nwigwe, and I. J. Umunakwe, “Mechanical properties and microstructure of hybrid vulcanized natural rubber filled with carbon black and nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> from <i>Achatina achatina</i> Shells”, J Met Mater Miner, vol. 29, no. 4, Dec. 2019.

Issue

Vol. 29 No. 4 (2019)

Section

Original Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.