Progress of water desalination applications based on wettability and surface characteristics of graphene and graphene oxide: A review

Husam Hussein Ibrahim  ELTIGANI; Yuttanant  BOONYONGMANEERAT

doi:10.55713/jmmm.v32i3.1520

Authors

Husam Hussein Ibrahim ELTIGANI Nanoscience and Technology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Yuttanant BOONYONGMANEERAT Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v32i3.1520

Abstract

Seawater desalination techniques have been continuously developed to tackle the water scarcity problems. This review article provides comprehensive discussion on the progress of water desalination applications that utilize the unique wettability and surface characteristics of graphene and graphene oxides, which are being employed as ultrafiltration membranes in either a monolayer or multilayer nanosheet configuration. The interaction of water with graphene materials and their wetting characteristics as well as the controlling factors are examined. Particularly, the designs and roles of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanopores and nanochannels are discussed. A focus is also made on recent developments of graphene membrane with respect to water flow, salt rejection and durability.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Y. Han, Z. Zhang, and L. Qu, "Power generation from graphene-water interactions," FlatChem, vol. 14, p. 100090, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2019.100090

H. T. Kieu, B. Liu, H. Zhang, K. Zhou, and A. W.-K. Law, "Molecular dynamics study of water evaporation enhancement through a capillary graphene bilayer with tunable hydrophilicity," Applied Surface Science, vol. 452, pp. 372-380, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.216

R. Ranjbarzadeh, A. M. Isfahani, M. Afrand, A. Karimipour, and M. Hojaji, "An experimental study on heat transfer and pressure drop of water/graphene oxide nanofluid in a copper tube under air cross-flow: Applicable as a heat exchanger," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 125, pp. 69-79, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.110

Q. Xie, M. A. Alibakhshi, S. Jiao, Z. Xu, M Hempel, J. Kong, H. G. Park, and C. Duan, "Fast water transport in graphene nanofluidic channels," Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 238-245, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-017-0031-9

B. Song, C. Zhang, G. Zeng, J. Gong, Y. Chang, and Y. Jiang, "Antibacterial properties and mechanism of graphene oxide-silver nanocomposites as bactericidal agents for water disinfection," Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, vol. 604, pp. 167-176, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.018

A. Boretti, S. Al-Zubaidy, M. Vaclavikova, M. Al-Abri, S. Castelletto, and S. Mikhalovsky, "Outlook for graphene-based desalination membranes," npj Clean Water, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-018-0004-z

V. Palmieri, F. Bugli, M. C. Lauriola, M. Cacaci, R. Torelli, G. Ciasca, C. Conti, M. Sanguinetti, M. Papi, and M. De. Spirito, "Bacteria meet graphene: modulation of graphene oxide nanosheet interaction with human pathogens for effective antimicrobial therapy," ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 619-627, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00812

J. Peña-Bahamonde, H. N. Nguyen, S. K. Fanourakis, and D. F. Rodrigues, "Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences," Journal of Nano-biotechnology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0400-z

A. Jayakumar, A. Surendranath, and P. Mohanan, "2D materials for next generation healthcare applications," International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 551, no. 1-2, pp. 309-321, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.041

J. Puértolas, M. Castro, J. Morris, R. Ríos, and A. Ansón-Casaos, "Tribological and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/ PEEK composites," Carbon, vol. 141, pp. 107-122, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.036

S. Yang, L. Chen, C. Wang, M. Rana, and P.-C. Ma, "Surface roughness induced superhydrophobicity of graphene foam for oil-water separation," Journal of colloid and interface science, vol. 508, pp. 254-262, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.061

C.-J. Wu, Y.-F. Li, W.-Y. Woon, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, "Contact angle hysteresis on graphene surfaces and hysteresis-free behavior on oil-infused graphite surfaces," Applied Surface Science, vol. 385, pp. 153-161, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.059

J. Chen, K. Li, H. Zhang, J. Liu, S. Wu, Q. Fan, and H. Xue, "Highly efficient and robust oil/water separation materials based on wire mesh coated by reduced graphene oxide," Langmuir, vol. 33, no. 38, pp. 9590-9597, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01856

H. Jin, L. Tian, W. Bing, J. Zhao, and L. Ren, "Toward the application of graphene for combating marine biofouling," Advanced Sustainable Systems, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 2000076, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000076

M. Muthu, J. Gopal, S. Chun, and S. K. Lee, "Hydrophobic bacteria-repellant graphene coatings from recycled pencil stubs," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 241-249, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2901-8

X. Chen, Y-B. Zhu, H. Yu, J. Z. Liu, C. D. Easton, Z. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Xie, H-A. Wu, X. Zhang, D. Li, and H. Wang "Ultrafast water evaporation through graphene membranes with subnanometer pores for desalination," Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 621, p. 118934, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118934

M. Elimelech, and W. A. Phillip, "The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment," Science, vol. 333, no. 6043, pp. 712-717, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488

S. Burn, M. Hoang, D. Zarzo, F. Olewniak, E. Campos, B. Bolto, and O. Barron "Desalination techniques—A review of the opportunities for desalination in agriculture," Desalination, vol. 364, pp. 2-16, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.041

K. Reddy, and N. Ghaffour, "Overview of the cost of desalinated water and costing methodologies," Desalination, vol. 205, no. 1-3, pp. 340-353, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.558

I. C. Karagiannis, and P. G. Soldatos, "Water desalination cost literature: review and assessment," Desalination, vol. 223, no. 1-3, pp. 448-456, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.071

G.-R. Xu, J.-N. Wang, and C.-J. Li, "Strategies for improving the performance of the polyamide thin film composite (PA-TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes: Surface modifications and nanoparticles incorporations," Desalination, vol. 328, pp. 83-100, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.08.022

M. Bhuyan, S. Alam, M. Uddin, M. Islam, F. A. Bipasha, and S. S. Hossain, "Synthesis of graphene," International Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 65-83, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-015-0176-1

G. Liu, W. Jin, and N. Xu, "Graphene-based membranes," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 44, no. 15, pp. 5016-5030, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00423J

S. Homaeigohar, and M. Elbahri, "Graphene membranes for water desalination," NPG Asia Materials, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. e427-e427, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2017.135

T. Humplik, J. Lee, S. O'Hern, B. A. Fellman, M. A. Baig, S. F. Hassan, M. A. Atieh, F. Rahman, T. Laoui, R. Karnik, and E. N. Wang, "Nanostructured materials for water desalination," Nanotechnology, vol. 22, no. 29, p. 292001, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/29/292001

A. Dey, A. Chroneos, N. S. J. Braithwaite, R. P. Gandhiraman, and S. Krishnamurthy, "Plasma engineering of graphene," Applied Physics Reviews, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 021301, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947188

Y. You, V. Sahajwalla, M. Yoshimura, and R. K. Joshi, "Graphene and graphene oxide for desalination," Nanoscale, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 117-119, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR06154G

E. N. Wang and R. Karnik, "Graphene cleans up water," Nature nanotechnology, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 552-554, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.153

D. Cohen-Tanugi and J. C. Grossman, "Water desalination across nanoporous graphene," Nano letters, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 3602-3608, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3012853

D. Cohen-Tanugi and J. C. Grossman, "Nanoporous graphene as a reverse osmosis membrane: recent insights from theory and simulation," Desalination, vol. 366, pp. 59-70, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.046

F. Xu, M. Wei, X. Zhang, Y. Song, W. Zhou, and Y. Wang, "How pore hydrophilicity influences water permeability?," Research, vol. 2019, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2581241

D. Konatham, J. Yu, T. A. Ho, and A. Striolo, "Simulation insights for graphene-based water desalination membranes," Langmuir, vol. 29, no. 38, pp. 11884-11897, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la4018695

S. An, B. N. Joshi, J-G. Lee, M. W. Lee, Y. I. Kim, M-W. Kim, H. S. Jo, and S. S. Yoon, "A comprehensive review on wettability, desalination, and purification using graphene-based materials at water interfaces," Catalysis Today, vol. 295, pp. 14-25, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.04.027

H. Huang, Y. Ying, and X. Peng, "Graphene oxide nanosheet: an emerging star material for novel separation membranes," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 2, no. 34, pp. 13772-13782, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02359E

P. Sun, M. Zhu, K. Wang, M. Zhong, J. Wei, A. Wu, Z. Xu, H. Zhu, "Selective ion penetration of graphene oxide membranes," ACS nano, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 428-437, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn304471w

F. Mouhat, F.-X. Coudert, and M.-L. Bocquet, "Structure and chemistry of graphene oxide in liquid water from first principles," Nature communications, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15381-y

Z. Zhang, L. Huang, Y. Wang, K. Yang, Y. Du, Y. Wang, M. J. Kipper, L. A. Belfiore, and J. Tang, "Theory and simulation developments of confined mass transport through graphene-based separation membranes," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 6032-6057, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP05551G

J. Choi, P. Dorji, H. K. Shon, and S. Hong, "Applications of capacitive deionization: Desalination, softening, selective removal, and energy efficiency," Desalination, vol. 449, pp. 118-130, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.10.013

X. Zhou, Z. Wang, R. Epszten, C. Zhan, W. Li, J. D. Fortner, T. A. Pham, J-H. Kim, and M Elimelech, "Intrapore energy barriers govern ion transport and selectivity of desalination membranes," Science advances, vol. 6, no. 48, p. eabd9045, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd9045

E. Yang, C.-M. Kim, J.-h. Song, H. Ki, M.-H. Ham, and I. S. Kim, "Enhanced desalination performance of forward osmosis membranes based on reduced graphene oxide laminates coated with hydrophilic polydopamine," Carbon, vol. 117, pp. 293-300, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.005

H.-H. Huang, R. K. Joshi, K. K. H. De Silva, R. Badam, and M. Yoshimura, "Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide membranes for water desalination," Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 572, pp. 12-19, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.085

Y. Wei, Y. Zhang, X. Gao, Z. Ma, X. Wang, and C. Gao, "Multilayered graphene oxide membranes for water treatment: A review," Carbon, vol. 139, pp. 964-981, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.07.040

K. Xu, B. Feng, C. Zhou, and A. Huang, "Synthesis of highly stable graphene oxide membranes on polydopamine functionalized supports for seawater desalination," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 146, pp. 159-165, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.03.003

B. Tang, L. Zhang, R. Li, J. Wu, M. N. Hedhili, and P. Wang, "Are vacuum-filtrated reduced graphene oxide membranes symmetric?," Nanoscale, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1108-1116, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR06797A

S. Wang, Y. Zhang, N. Abidi, and L. Cabrales, "Wettability and surface free energy of graphene films," Langmuir, vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 11078-11081, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la901402f

L. Y. Ostrovskaya, A. Dementiev, I. Kulakova, and V. Ralchenko, "Chemical state and wettability of ion-irradiated diamond surfaces," Diamond and related materials, vol. 14, no. 3-7, pp. 486-490, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2004.09.010

X. Zhang, S. Wan, J. Pu, L. Wang, and X. Liu, "Highly hydrophobic and adhesive performance of graphene films," Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 33, pp. 12251-12258, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12087e

J. Feng, and Z. Guo, "Wettability of graphene: from influencing factors and reversible conversions to potential applications," Nanoscale Horizons, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 339-364, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NH00348C

T. Ondarçuhu, V. Thomas, M. Nunez, E. Dujardin, A. Rahman, C. T. Black, and A. Checco, "Wettability of partially suspended graphene," Scientific reports, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24237

E. Voloshina, D. Usvyat, M. Schütz, Y. Dedkov, and B. Paulus, "On the physisorption of water on graphene: a CCSD (T) study," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 13, no. 25, pp. 12041-12047, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20609e

R. Raj, S. C. Maroo, and E. N. Wang, "Wettability of graphene," Nano letters, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1509-1515, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl304647t

S. K. Sethi, S. Kadian, and G. Manik, "A Review of recent progress in molecular dynamics and coarse-grain simulations assisted understanding of wettability," Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, pp. 1-27, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-021-09689-1

J. Rafiee, X. Mi, H. Gullapalli, A. V. Thomas, F. Yavari, Y. Shi, P. M. Ajayan, and N. A. Koratkas, "Wetting transparency of graphene," Nature materials, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 217-222, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3228

J. Liu, C.-Y. Lai, Y.-Y. Zhang, M. Chiesa, and S. T. Pantelides, "Water wettability of graphene: interplay between the interfacial water structure and the electronic structure," RSC advances, vol. 8, no. 30, pp. 16918-16926, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03509A

F. Taherian, V. Marcon, N. F. van der Vegt, and F. Leroy, "What is the contact angle of water on graphene?," Langmuir, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1457-1465, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la304645w

K. Xia, M. Jian, W. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, "Visualization of graphene on various substrates based on water wetting behavior," Advanced Materials Interfaces, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 1500674, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201500674

A. Qadir, Y. W. Sun, W. Liu, P. G. Oppenheimer, Y. Xu, C. J. Humphreys, and D. J. Dunstan, "Effect of humidity on the interlayer interaction of bilayer graphene," Physical review B, vol. 99, no. 4, p. 045402, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.045402

K. A. Emelyanenko, A. M. Emelyanenko, and L. B. Boinovich, "Water and ice adhesion to solid surfaces: Common and specific, the impact of temperature and surface wettability," Coatings, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 648, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070648

Z. Li, Y. Wang, A. Kozbial, G. Shenoy, F. Zhou, R. McGinley, P. Ireland, B. Morganstein, A. Kunkel, S. P. Surwade, L. Li, and H. Liu, "Effect of airborne contaminants on the wettability of supported graphene and graphite," Nature materials, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 925-931, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3709

H. M. Hegab, P. Kallem, R. P. Pandey, M. Ouda, F. Banat, and S. W. Hasan, "Mechanistic Insights into the Selective Mass-transport and Fabrication of Holey Graphene-based Membranes for Water Purification Applications," Chemical Engineering Journal, p. 134248, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134248

P. Jibin, S. Wan, Z. Lu, G. Zhang, and L. Wang "Controlled water adhesion and electrowetting of conducting hydrophobic graphene/carbon nanotubes composite films on engineering materials," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1254-1260, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TA00344A

M. Kargar, F. Khashei Varnamkhasti, and A. Lohrasebi, "Influence of electric fields on the efficiency of multilayer graphene membrane," Journal of Molecular Modeling, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1-8, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-018-3774-9

D. Cohen-Tanugi, L.-C. Lin, and J. C. Grossman, "Multilayer nanoporous graphene membranes for water desalination," Nano letters, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1027-1033, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04089

J. A. Hossain, and B. Kim, "Scale effect on simple liquid transport through a nanoporous graphene membrane," Langmuir, vol. 37, no. 21, pp. 6498-6509, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00643

S. P. Surwade, S. N. Smirnov, I. V. Vassiouk, R. R. Unocic, G. M. Veith, S. Dai, and S. M. Mahurin, "Water desalination using nanoporous single-layer graphene," Nature nanotechnology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 459-464, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.37

C. Fang, Z. Yu, and R. Qiao, "Impact of surface ionization on water transport and salt leakage through graphene oxide membranes," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 121, no. 24, pp. 13412-13420, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04283

A. Lohrasebi and S. Rikhtehgaran, "Ion separation and water purification by applying external electric field on porous graphene membrane," Nano Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2229-2236, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1842-6

W. C. Young, R. G. Budynas, and A. M. Sadegh, Roark's formulas for stress and strain. McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.

C. M. Tittle, D. Yilman, M. A. Pope, and C. J. Backhouse, "Robust superhydrophobic laser‐induced graphene for desalination applications," Advanced Materials Technologies, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 1700207, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700207

D. Cohen-Tanugi, and J. C. Grossman, "Mechanical strength of nanoporous graphene as a desalination membrane," Nano letters, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 6171-6178, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl502399y

T.-H. Fang, Z.-W. Lee, and W.-J. Chang, "Molecular dynamics study of the shear strength and fracture behavior of nanoporous graphene membranes," Current Applied Physics, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1323-1328, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2017.07.003

W.-W. Lei, H. Li, L-Y. Shi, Y-F. Diao, Y-L. Zhang, R. R. and W. Ni, "Achieving enhanced hydrophobicity of graphene membranes by covalent modification with polydimethylsiloxane," Applied Surface Science, vol. 404, pp. 230-237, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.292

J. Abraham, J. Abraham, K. S. Vasu, C. D. Williams, K. Gopinadhan, Y. Su, C. T. Cherian, J. Dix, E. Prestat, S. J. Haigh, I. V. Grigorieva, P. Carbone, A. K. Geim, and R. R. Nair, "Tunable sieving of ions using graphene oxide membranes," Nature nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 546-550, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.21

J. Ma, X. Tang, Y. He, Y. Fan, and J. Chen, "Robust stable MoS2/GO filtration membrane for effective removal of dyes and salts from water with enhanced permeability," Desalination, vol. 480, p. 114328, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114328

R. Hu, Y. He, C. Zhang, R. Zhang, J. Li, and H. Zhu, "Graphene oxide-embedded polyamide nanofiltration membranes for selective ion separation," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, no. 48, pp. 25632-25640, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA08635K

H. Deng, Q. Zheng, H. Chen, J. Huang, J. Yan, M. Ma, M. Xia, K. Pei, H. Ni, and P. Ye, "Graphene oxide/silica composite nanofiltration membrane: Adjustment of the channel of water permeation," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 278, p. 119440, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119440

A. Guirguis, L. F. Dumée, X. Chen, L. Kong, H. Wang, and L. C. Henderson, "Photocatalytic-triggered nanopores across multilayer graphene for high-permeation membranes," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 443, p. 136253, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136253

Z. Li, X. Zhang, H. Tan, W. Qi, L. Wang, M C. Ali, H. Zhang, J. Chen, P. Hu, C. Fan, and H. Qiu, "Combustion fabrication of nanoporous graphene for ionic separation membranes," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 28, no. 43, p. 1805026, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805026

H. W. Kim, H. W. Yoon, S-M. Yoon, B. M. Yoo, B. K. Ahn, Y. H. Cho, H. J. Shin, H. Yang, U. Paik, S. Kwon, J. H. Choi, and H. B. Park, "Selective gas transport through few-layered graphene and graphene oxide membranes," Science, vol. 342, no. 6154, pp. 91-95, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1236098

N. K. Zaman, R. Rohani, A. W. Mohammad, and A. M. Isloor, "Polyimide-graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane: Characterizations and application in enhanced high concentration salt removal," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 177, pp. 218-233, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.034

J. Zhang, C. Chen, J. Pan, L. Zhang, L. Liang, Z. Kong, X. Wang, W. Zhang, and J-W. Shen, "Atomistic insights into the separation mechanism of multilayer graphene membranes for water desalination," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 7224-7233, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP00071J

M. Zhang, J. Sun, Y. Mao, G. Liu, and W. Jin, "Effect of substrate on formation and nanofiltration performance of graphene oxide membranes," Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 574, pp. 196-204, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.12.071

R. Hu, G. Zhao, Y. He, and H. Zhu, "The application feasibility of graphene oxide membranes for pressure-driven desalination in a dead-end flow system," Desalination, vol. 477, p. 114271, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114271

Z. Xu, X. Yan, Z. Du, J. Li, and F. Cheng, "Effect of oxygenic groups on desalination performance improvement of graphene oxide-based membrane in membrane distillation," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 251, p. 117304, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117304

W.-H. Zhang, M. J. Yin, Q. Zhao, C-G. Jin, N. Wang, S. Ji, C. L. Ritt, M. Elimelech, and Q-F. An, "Graphene oxide membranes with stable porous structure for ultrafast water transport," Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 337-343, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-00833-9

Q. Lan, C. Feng, Z. Wang, L. Li, Y. Wang, and T. Liu, "Chemically laminating graphene oxide nanosheets with phenolic nanomeshes for robust membranes with fast desalination," Nano Letters, vol. 21, no. 19, pp. 8236-8243, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02683

H. M. Hegab, Y. Wimalasiri, M. Ginic-Markovic, and L. Zou, "Improving the fouling resistance of brackish water membranes via surface modification with graphene oxide functionalized chitosan," Desalination, vol. 365, pp. 99-107, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.029

Y-C. Du, L-J. Huang, Y-X. Wang, K. Yang, Z-J. Zhang, Y. Wang, M. J. Kipper, L. A. Belfiore, and J-G. Tang, "Preparation of graphene oxide/silica hybrid composite membranes and performance studies in water treatment," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 55, no. 25, pp. 11188-11202, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04774-5

S. Kim, R. Ou, Y. Hu, X. Li, H. Zhang, G. P. Simon, and H. Wang, "Non-swelling graphene oxide-polymer nanocomposite membrane for reverse osmosis desalination," Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 562, pp. 47-55, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.05.029

M. E. Ali, L. Wang, X. Wang, and X. Feng, "Thin film composite membranes embedded with graphene oxide for water desalination," Desalination, vol. 386, pp. 67-76, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.034

X. Qian, N. Li, Q. Wang, and S. Ji, "Chitosan/graphene oxide mixed matrix membrane with enhanced water permeability for high-salinity water desalination by pervaporation," Desalination, vol. 438, pp. 83-96, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.03.031

Y. Wang, C. Wang, X. Song, S. K. Megarajan, and H. Jiang, "A facile nanocomposite strategy to fabricate a rGO–MWCNT photothermal layer for efficient water evaporation," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 963-971, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA08972D

L. Huang, J. Pei, H. Jiang, and X. Hu, "Water desalination under one sun using graphene-based material modified PTFE membrane," Desalination, vol. 442, pp. 1-7, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.006

P. Sun, Q. Chen, X. Li, H. Liu, K. Wang, M. Zhong, J. Wei, D. Wu, R. Ma, T. Sasaki, and H. Zhu, "Highly efficient quasi-static water desalination using monolayer graphene oxide/ titania hybrid laminates," NPG Asia Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. e162-e162, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2015.7

K. H. Thebo, X. Qian, Q. Zhang, L. Chen, H.-M. Cheng, and W. Ren, "Highly stable graphene-oxide-based membranes with superior permeability," Nature communications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03919-0

H. Liu, H. Wang, and X. Zhang, "Facile fabrication of freestanding ultrathin reduced graphene oxide membranes for water purification," Advanced materials, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 249-254, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404054

Q. Zhang, X. Qian, K. H. Thebo, H.-M. Cheng, and W. Ren, "Controlling reduction degree of graphene oxide membranes for improved water permeance," Science bulletin, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 788-794, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.05.015

Y. Li, W. Zhao, M. Weyland, S. Yaun, Y. Xia, H. Liu, M. Jian, J. Yang, C. D. Easton, C. Selomulya, and X. Zhang, "Thermally reduced nanoporous graphene oxide membrane for desalination," Environmental science & technology, vol. 53, no. 14, pp. 8314-8323, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01914

T. Chen, A. Soroush, and M. S. Rahaman, "Highly hydrophobic electrospun reduced graphene oxide/poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes for use in membrane distillation," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 57, no. 43, pp. 14535-14543, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03584

R. Yang, Y. Fan, R. Yu, F. Dai, J. Lan, Z. Wang, J. Chen, and L. Chen, "Robust reduced graphene oxide membranes with high water permeance enhanced by K+ modification," Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 635, p. 119437, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119437

Z. Wang, F. He, J. Guo, S. Peng, X. Q. Cheng, Y. Zhang, E. Drioli, A. Figoli, Y. Li, and L. Shao,"The stability of a graphene oxide (GO) nanofiltration (NF) membrane in an aqueous environment: Progress and challenges," Materials Advances, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 554-568, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00191K

E. Yang, A. B. Alayande, C.-M. Kim, J.-h. Song, and I. S. Kim, "Laminar reduced graphene oxide membrane modified with silver nanoparticle-polydopamine for water/ion separation and biofouling resistance enhancement," Desalination, vol. 426, pp. 21-31, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.023

M. Safarpour, A. Khataee, and V. Vatanpour, "Thin film nano-composite reverse osmosis membrane modified by reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 with improved desalination performance," Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 489, pp. 43-54, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.010

Z. Zhao, S. Ni, X. Su, Y. Gao, and X. Sun, "Thermally reduced graphene oxide membrane with ultrahigh rejection of metal ions’ separation from water," ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 7, no. 17, pp. 14874-14882, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02972

W. L. Xu, F. Zhou, and M. Yu, "Tuning water nanofiltration performance of few-layered, reduced graphene oxide membranes by oxygen plasma," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 57, no. 47, pp. 16103-16109, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02206

E. Celasco, A. Chaika, T. Stauber, M. Zhang, C. Ozkan, U. Ozkan, B. Palys, and S. W. Harun, "Handbook of graphene," 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119468455

D. Yoon, Y.-W. Son, and H. Cheong, "Negative thermal expansion coefficient of graphene measured by Raman spectroscopy," Nano letters, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 3227-3231, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201488g

J. Zhang, M. Terrones, C. R. Park, R. Mukherjee, M. Monthioux, N. Koratkar, Y. S. Kim, R. Hurt, E. Frackowiak, T. Enoki, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, A. Bianco, "Carbon science in 2016: Status, challenges and perspectives," Carbon, vol. 98, no. 70, pp. 708-732, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.060

T. M. Paronyan, E. M. Pigos, G. Chen, and A. R. Harutyunyan, "Formation of ripples in graphene as a result of interfacial instabilities," ACS nano, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 9619-9627, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn202972f

A. Mohapatra, S. Das, K. Majumdar, M. R. Rao, and M. Jaiswal, "Thermal transport across wrinkles in few-layer graphene stacks," Nanoscale Advances, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1708-1716, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00944J

J. H. Wilson, Y. Fu, S. D. Sarma, and J. Pixley, "Disorder in twisted bilayer graphene," Physical Review Research, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 023325, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023325

S. Yuan, Y. Li, R. Qiu, Y. Xia, C. Selomulya, and X. Zhang, "Minimising non-selective defects in ultrathin reduced graphene oxide membranes with graphene quantum dots for enhanced water and NaCl separation," Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 41, pp. 278-285, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2021.12.009

Y. Shi, C. Li, D. He, L. Shen, and N. Bao, "Preparation of graphene oxide–cellulose acetate nanocomposite membrane for high-flux desalination," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 52, no. 22, pp. 13296-13306, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1403-0

Y. Jia, G. Xu, X. An, and Y. Hu, "Robust reduced graphene oxide composite membranes for enhanced anti-wetting property in membrane distillation," Desalination, vol. 526, p. 115549, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115549