Adhesion of thermal oxide scale formed on silicon-containing hot-rolled steel oxidised in oxygen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i2.1575Keywords:
adhesion, oxide scale, hot-rolled steel, siliconAbstract
Defects can be caused by the thermal oxide scale that forms on the surface of steel during the hot rolling process. The oxidation and adhesion of scale on silicon-containing hot-rolled steel were investigated in a flowing 20% O2-N2 gas mixture at 900°C. Scale spallation was observed using a tensile testing machine equipped with a CCD camera. The thickness of the scale was 3.45 μm for the higher silicon steel and 4.86 μm for the lower silicon steel. The oxide scale consists of hematite, magnetite, wustite, and iron. The strain that caused the first spallation was used to calculate the mechanical adhesion energy, which indicated the behaviour of the scale adhesion on a steel substrate. The strain initiation of the first spallation of scale on higher silicon steel was 5.57% which was higher than 4.57% for lower silicon hot-rolled steel. The calculated adhesion energy on the studied steel was shown to be in the range of 281 J.m-2 to 334 J.m-2. It can be noted that the higher amounts of silicon content in hot-rolled steel increased steel-scale interface adherence. This was due to the precipitated silicon oxide near steel-scale interface might be exhibited as a reinforcing phase.
Downloads
References
L. Suarez, Y. Houbaert, X. V. Eynde, and R. Colás, “High temperature deformation of oxide scale,” Corrosion Science, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 309-315, 2009.
M. Krzyzanowski, J. H. Beynon, and D. C. Farrugia, Oxide scale behavior in high temperature metal processing. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
S. Chandra-ambhorn, “Oxidation kinetics, mechanical adhesion and pickling behaviour of thermal oxide scales on hot-rolled conventional and recycled steels,” Steel Research Int., vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 130-133, 2010.
W. Noh, J. M. Lee, D. J. Kim, J. H. Song, and M. G. Lee, “Effects of the residual stress, interfacial roughness and scale thickness on the spallation of oxide scale grown on hot rolled steel sheet,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. A 739, pp. 301-316, 2019.
S. Liu, D. Tang, H. Wu, and L. Wang, “Oxide scales characterization of micro-alloyed steel at high temperature,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 213, no. 7, pp. 1068-1075, 2013.
Y. L. Yang, C. H. Yang, S. N. Lin, C. H. Chen, and W. T. Tsai, “Effects of Si and its content on the scale formation on hot-rolled steel strips,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 566-571, 2008.
D. Genève, D. Rouxel, P. Pigeat, and M. Confente, “Descaling ability of low-alloy steel wires depending on composition and rolling process.” Corrosion Science, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1155-1166, 2010.
L. Suárez, P. Rodríguez-Calvillo, Y. Houbaert, and R. Colás, “Oxidation of ultra low carbon and silicon bearing steels,” Corrosion Science, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 2044-2049, 2010.
X. Yu, Z. Jiang, D. Wei, C. Zhou, Q. Huang, and D. Yang, “Tribological properties of magnetite precipitate from oxide scale in hot-rolled microalloyed steel,” Wear, vol. 302, no. 1-2, pp. 1286-1294, 2013.
H. Utsunomiya, K. Hara, R. Matsumoto, and A. Azushima, “Formation mechanism of surface scale defects in hot rolling process,” CIRP Annals, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 261-264, 2014.
X. J. Liu, Y. Q. He, G. M. Cao, T. Jia, T. Z. Wu, and Z. Y. Liu, “Effect of Si content and temperature on oxidation resistance of Fe-Si alloys,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 238-244, 2015.
Q. Yuan, G. Xu, M. X. Zhou, and B. He, “New insights into the effects of silicon content on the oxidation process in silicon-containing steels,” International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1048-1055, 2016.
H. Utsunomiya, T. Nakagawa, and R. Matsumoto, “Mechanism of oxide scale to decrease friction in hot steel rolling,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 15, pp. 46-51, 2018.
J. Eklund, B. Jönsson, A. Persdotter, J. Liske, J. E. Svensson, and T. Jonsson, “The influence of silicon on the corrosion properties of FeCrAl model alloys in oxidizing environments at 600°C,” Corrosion Science, vol. 144, pp. 266-276, 2018.
T. Nishimoto, K. Honda, Y. Kondo, and K. Uemura, “Effects of Si Content on the Oxidation Behavior of Fe–Si Alloys in Air.” Materials Science Forum, vol. 696, pp. 126-131, 2011.
X. J. Hu, B. M. Zhang, S. H. Chen, F. Fang, and J. Q. Jiang, “Oxide scale growth on high carbon steel at high temperatures,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 45-52, 2013.
C. Guan, J. Li, N. Tan, Y. Q. He, and S. G. Zhang, “Reduction of oxide scale on hot-rolled steel by hydrogen at low temperature,” International journal of hydrogen energy, vol. 39, no. 27, pp. 15116-15124, 2014.
X. Yu, Z. Jiang, J. Zhao, D. Wei, C. Zhou, and Q. Huang, “Microstructure and microtexture evolutions of deformed oxide layers on a hot-rolled microalloyed steel,” Corrosion Science, vol. 90, pp. 140-152, 2015.
Y. He, T. Jia, Z. Li, G. Cao, Z. Liu, and J. Li, “Isothermal reduction of oxide scale on hot-rolled, low-carbon steel in 10 pct H2-Ar,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 4845-4852, 2016.
R. Lu, G. Wu, and J. Zhang, “Effect of carbon on isothermal reduction of high-strength steel oxide scale in 30% H2–N2 atmosphere,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 279, p. 123681, 2021.
A. A. Mouayd, A. Koltsov, E. Sutter, and B. Tribollet, “Effect of silicon content in steel and oxidation temperature on scale growth and morphology,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 996-1004, 2014.
Q. Yuan, G. Xu, M. Zhou, and B. He, “The effect of the Si content on the morphology and amount of Fe2SiO4 in low carbon steels,” Metals, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 94, 2016.
A. Chattopadhyay, and T. Chanda, “Role of silicon on oxide morphology and pickling behaviour of automotive steels,” Scripta Materialia, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 882-885, 2008.
M. Takeda, T. Onishi, S. Nakakubo, and S. Fujimoto, “Physical properties of iron-oxide scales on Si-containing steels at high temperature,” Materials transactions, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 2242-2246, 2009.
G. M. Martínez-Cázares, R. D. Mercado-Solís, R. Colás, and N. F. Garza-Montes-de-Oca, “High temperature oxidation of silicon and copper–silicon containing steels,” Ironmaking & Steelmaking, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 221-230, 2013.
Y. Yu, C. Wang, L. Wang, J. Chen, Y. J. Hui, and C. K. Sun, “Combination effect of Si and P on tertiary scale characteristic of hot rolled strip,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 232-237, 2015.
E. Ahtoy, M. Picard, G. Leprince, A. Galerie, Y. Wouters, X. Wang, and A. Atkinson, “Time and temperature dependence of the adhesion of oxide scales formed on phosphorus-containing steels during short term oxidation,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 1157-1162, 2014.
J. Liu and G. Jiang, “Use of laboratory indentation tests to study the surface crack propagation caused by various indenters,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 241, p. 107421, 2021.
M. M. Islam, S. I. Shakil, N. M. Shaheen, P. Bayati, and M. Haghshenas, “An overview of microscale indentation fatigue: Composites, thin films, coatings, and ceramics,” Micron, vol. 148, p. 103110, 2021.
Z. Cao, P. Wang, W. Gao, L. Tao, J. W. Suk, R. S. Ruoff, and K. M. Liechti, “A blister test for interfacial adhesion of large-scale transferred graphene,” Carbon, vol. 69, pp. 390-400, 2014.
H. Xin, R. Borduin, W. Jiang, K. M. Liechti, and W. Li, “Adhesion energy of as-grown graphene on copper foil with a blister test,” Carbon, vol. 123, pp. 243-249, 2017.
J. D. Hübsch, P. L. Rosendahl, C. Mittelstedt, “Blister tests on thin-walled composite structures at different temperatures,” International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 110, p. 102907, 2021.
M. Krzyzanowski and J. H. Beynon, “Modelling the behaviour of oxide scale in hot rolling,” ISIJ international, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1533-1547, 2006.
S. Chandra-Ambhorn, F. Roussel-Dherbey, F. Toscan, Y. Wouters, A. Galerie, and M. Dupeux, “Determination of mechanical adhesion energy of thermal oxide scales on AISI 430Ti alloy using tensile test,” Materials science and technology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 497-501, 2007.
Y. Kondo and H. Tanei, “Adhesive strength of oxide scale formed on low-carbon steel,” Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity, vol. 54, no. 634, pp. 984-987, 2013.
C. Pascal, M. Braccini, V. Parry, E. Fedorova, M. Mantel, D. Oquab, and D. Monceau, “Relation between microstructure induced by oxidation and room-temperature mechanical properties of the thermally grown oxide scales on austenitic stainless steels,” Materials Characterization, vol. 127, pp. 161-170, 2017.
K. Ngamkham, S. Niltawach, and S. Chandra-Ambhorn, “Development of tensile test to investigate mechanical adhesion of thermal oxide scales on hot-rolled steel strips produced using different finishing temperatures,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 462, pp. 407-412, 2011.
S. Chandra-ambhorn, K. Ngamkham, and N. Jiratthanakul, “Effects of process parameters on mechanical adhesion of thermal oxide scales on hot-rolled low carbon steels,” Oxidation of metals, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 61-72, 2013.
G. Bamba, Y. Wouters, A. Galerie, F. Charlot, and A. Dellali, “Thermal oxidation kinetics and oxide scale adhesion of Fe–15Cr alloys as a function of their silicon content,” Acta Materialia, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 3917-3922, 2006.
S. Vongsilathai, P. Thapanathitikul, K. Ngamkham, and T. Rojhirunsakool, “Effects of titanium and niobium on microstructure and mechanical adhesion of thermal oxide scales on hot-rolled low carbon steel,” Suranaree Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 84-92, 2019.
D. J. Young, High temperature oxidation and corrosion of metals. Elsevier, 2008
Z. F. Li, Y. Gao, G. M. Cao, and Z. Y. Liu, “High-efficiency reduction behavior for the oxide scale formed on hot-rolled steel in a mixed atmosphere of hydrogen and argon,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1826-1839, 2020.
P. Devkate, High temperature oxidation of HSLA steel under vapor conditions. 2019.
U. R. Evans, An introduction to metallic corrosion. Arnold, 1958.
H. E. Evans, “Stress effects in high temperature oxidation of metals,” International materials reviews, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1-40, 1995.
H. E. Evans, “Predicting oxide spallation from sulphur-contaminated oxide/metal interfaces,” Oxidation of metals, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 3-14, 2013.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
