Investigating the oxidation behavior of Mg-Zn alloy: Effects of heating rates, gas flow, protective atmosphere, and alloy composition

Tuğçe Nur  SARAÇOĞLU; Safa   POLAT; Erkan  KOÇ; Muwafaq  MASHRAH; Amir  NAJAH SAUD; Marta  MICHALSKA-DOMAŃSKA

doi:10.55713/jmmm.v34i3.2033

ผู้แต่ง

Tuğçe Nur SARAÇOĞLU Biomedical Engineering, Karabuk University, Turkey
Safa POLAT Material Research and Development Laboratory, Karabuk University, Turkey; Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Karabuk University, Turkey
Erkan KOÇ Biomedical Engineering, Karabuk University, Turkey
Muwafaq MASHRAH Material Research and Development Laboratory, Karabuk University, Turkey; Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Karabuk University, Turkey
Amir NAJAH SAUD Biomedical Engineering, Karabuk University, Turkey; Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
Marta MICHALSKA-DOMAŃSKA Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v34i3.2033

คำสำคัญ:

Magnesium alloys, Mg-Zn alloy, Casting, DTA-Tg analysis, High temperature oxidation

บทคัดย่อ

Magnesium-zinc alloys offer promising lightweight properties but are prone to oxidation during high-temperature processing and usage. In this study, the oxidation behavior of Mg-Zn alloy was examined according to the inert gas type flow rate, heating rate and alloy amount. Initially, alloys were produced by adding zinc at weight percentages of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2% using the casting method. The alloys were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, revealing the formation of dendritic Mg-Zn intermetallic within the alloy. The oxidation behavior of these alloys was examined via differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), considering factors such as heating rate, gas flow rate, type of protective atmosphere, and amount of alloying element. The results indicated that the onset temperature of oxidation decreased with increasing heating rate. The effect of gas flow rate varied depending on the heating rate and the type of gas. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, conditions with a heating rate of 20°C∙min^‒1 and a gas flow rate of 5 cm³∙min^‒1 resulted in the least oxidation. In an argon atmosphere, a gas flow rate of 5 cm³∙min^‒1 was found to be sufficient to prevent oxidation. However, at a gas flow rate of 1 cm³∙min^‒1, a heating rate of 20°C∙min^‒1 was more effective in preventing oxidation. The alloying element (zinc) likely reduced oxidation, particularly at the 1.5% addition level, possibly due to the formation of intermetallic compounds.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

เอกสารอ้างอิง

I. Polmear, D. StJohn, J-F. Nie, and M. Qian, "Light alloys: Metallurgy of the light metals," Butterworth-Heinemann; 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099431-4.00001-4

S. K. Aldriasawi, N. H. Ameen, K. I. Fadheel, A. M. Anead, H. E. Mhabes, and B. Mohamad, "An Experimental artificial neural network model: Investigating and predicting effects of quenching process on residual stresses of AISI 1035 steel alloy n.d.

S. Polat, Y. Sun, E. Çevik, and H. Colijn, "Evaluation of thermal conductivity of GNPs-doped B4C/Al-Si composites in terms of interface interaction and electron mobility," Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 98, p. 107457, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107457

M. K. Kulekci, "Magnesium and its alloys applications in automotive industry," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 39, pp. 851-865, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1279-2

S. Polat, "Theoretical modeling and optimization of interface design to improve thermal conductivity in Mg-Dia composites," Ceramics International, vol. 48, pp. 4763-4774, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.11.012

B. Jiang, W. Liu, D. Qiu, M-X. Zhang, and F. Pan "Grain refinement of Ca addition in a twin-roll-cast Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy," Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 133, pp. 611-616, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.12.087

F. Pan, M. Yang, and X. Chen, "A review on casting magnesium alloys: Modification of commercial alloys and development of new alloys," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 32, pp. 1211-1221, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2016.07.001

A. Abdelhussein, G. Yang, E. K. Hussein, L. Li, and B. Mohamad, "Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composites supported with MWCNTs microscopically," Vibroengineering Procedia, vol. 54, pp. 193-201, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2024.23924

S. Polat, A. Avcı, and M. Ekrem, "Fatigue behavior of composite to aluminum single lap joints reinforced with graphene doped nylon 66 nanofibers," Composite Structures, vol. 194, pp. 624-632, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.043

Q. Tan, N. Mo, B. Jiang, F. Pan, A. Atrens, and M-X. Zhang "Combined influence of Be and Ca on improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the magnesium alloy Mg-9Al-1Zn," Corrosion Science, vol. 122, pp. 1-11, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.03.023

M. Liu, D. S. Shih, C. Parish, and A. Atrens, "The ignition temperature of Mg alloys WE43, AZ31 and AZ91," Corrosion Science, vol. 54, pp. 139-142, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.09.004

A. Atrens, G-L. Song, M. Liu, Z. Shi, and F. Cao, "Dargusch MS. review of recent developments in the field of magnesium corrosion," Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 17, pp. 400-453, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400434

F. Czerwinski, "The oxidation behaviour of an AZ91D magnesium alloy at high temperatures," Acta Materialia, vol. 50, pp. 2639-2654, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00094-0

X. Yu, S. Shen, B. Jiang, Z. Jiang, H. Yang, and F. Pan "The effect of the existing state of Y on high temperature oxidation properties of magnesium alloys," Applied Surface Science, vol. 370, pp. 357-363, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.156

D. B. Lee, "High temperature oxidation of AZ31+0.3wt.%Ca and AZ31+0.3wt.%CaO magnesium alloys," Corrosion Science, vol. 70, pp. 243-251, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.01.036

L. Wu, and Z. Yang, "Oxidation behaviour of Mg–2.1Gd–1.1Y–0.82Zn–0.11Zr alloy at high temperatures," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 626, pp. 194-202, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.116

X. Yu, B. Jiang, J. He, B. Liu, Z. Jiang, and F. Pan, "Effect of Zn addition on the oxidation property of Mg-Y alloy at high temperatures," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 687, pp. 252-262, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.128

C. Liu, S. Lu, Y. Fu, and H. Zhang, "Flammability and the oxidation kinetics of the magnesium alloys AZ31, WE43, and ZE10," Corrosion Science, vol. 100, pp. 177-185, 2015.

S. Polat, Y. Sun, and E. Cc evik, "Wear behavior of TiB2/GNPs and B4C/GNPs reinforced AA6061 matrix composites," Journal of Tribology, vol. 143, p. 111701, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049595

M. M. Karaca, S. Polat, and İ. Esen, "Reciprocating dry sliding wear behaviour of BN@MXene@AA7075 composites," Journal of Composite Materials, 00219983241257665, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241257665

S. Polat, Y. Sun, E. Çevik, H. Colijn, and M. E. Turan, "Investigation of wear and corrosion behavior of graphene nanoplatelet-coated B 4 C reinforced Al–Si matrix semi-ceramic hybrid composites," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 53, pp. 3549-3565, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319842297

E. Koç, A. Incesu, and A. N. Saud, "Comparative study on dry and bio-corrosive wear behavior of Mg-xAl-3Zn alloys (x = 0.5-1-2-3 wt.%)," The Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 31, pp. 613-621, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06144-x

S. Polat, Y. Sun, E. Çevi̇k, and H. Colijn, "Microstructure and synergistic reinforcing activity of GNPs-B4C dual-micro and nano supplements in Al-Si matrix composites," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 806, pp. 1230-1241, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.342

A. W. Aldeen, D. Y. Mahdi, C. Zhongwei, I. A. Disher, and B. Mohamad, "Effect of isothermal and isochronal aging on the microstructure and precipitate evolution in beta-quenched N36 Zirconium alloy," Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering, 2023.

N. Aboutalebianaraki, C. J. Neal, S. Seal, and M. Razavi "Bio-degradable Mg-Sc-Sr alloy improves osteogenesis and angiogenesis to accelerate bone defect restoration," Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 13, p. 261, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040261

J. Kubásek, D. Dvorský, J. Šedý, Š. Msallamová, J. Levorová, R. Foltán, and D. Vojtěch, "The Fundamental comparison of Zn–2Mg and Mg–4Y–3RE alloys as a perspective biodegradable materials," Materials, vol. 12, p. 3745, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223745

F. Tong, X. Chen, Q. Wang, S. Wei, and W. Gao, "Hypoeutectic Mg-Zn binary alloys as anode materials for magnesium-air batteries," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 857, p. 157579, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157579

Y. Yan, X. Chu, X. Luo, X. Xu, Y. Zhang, Y. Dai, D. Li, L. Chen, T. Xiao, and K. yu, A homogenous microstructural Mg-based matrix model for orthopedic application with generating uniform and smooth corrosion product layer in Ringer’s solution: Study on biodegradable behavior of Mg-Zn alloys prepared by powder metallurgy as a case," Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, vol. 9, pp. 225-240, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.03.010

S. Cai, T. Lei, N. Li, and F. Feng, "Effects of Zn on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg–Zn alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 32, pp. 2570-2577, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.042

C. H. Caceres, G. E. Mann, and J. R. Griffiths, Grain size hardening in Mg and Mg-Zn solid solutions," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 42, pp. 1950-1959, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0599-2

P. K. Sahu, S. Pal, B. Das, and Q. Shi, "Fabrication and effect of Mg–Zn solid solution via Zn foil interlayer alloying in FSW process of magnesium alloy," ArchivCivMechEng, vol. 20, p. 137, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-020-00141-y

H. Liu, F. Xue, J. Bai, J. Zhou, and X. Liu, "Effect of substitution of 1 at% Ni for Zn on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg94Y4Zn2 alloy," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 585, pp. 387-395, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.036

L. R. Owen, and N. G. Jones, "Lattice distortions in high-entropy alloys," Journal of Materials Research, vol. 33, pp. 2954-2969, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.322

A. Javaid, and F. Czerwinski, "Effect of Zinc on solidification and aging behaviour of magnesium alloys containing rare earths" In: J. B. Jordon, V. Miller, V. V. Joshi, N. R. Neelameggham, Editors. Magnesium Technology 2020, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020, pp. 371-379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36647-6_55

M. M. Castro, L. A. Montoro, A. Isaac, M. Kawasaki, and R. B. Figueiredo, "Mechanical mixing of Mg and Zn using high-pressure torsion," Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol. 869, p. 159302, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159302

F. Naghdi, and R. Mahmudi, "Effect of solution treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of an aged Mg–4Zn–0.3Ca alloy," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 631, pp. 144-152, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.034

Z. Meng, D. Yang, and Y. Yan, "Study of carbon black oxidation behavior under different heating rates," The Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 118, pp. 551-559, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4020-z

E. Ghali, W. Dietzel, and K-U. Kainer, "General and localized corrosion of magnesium alloys: A critical review," The Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 13, pp. 7-23, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490417533

D. Lu, Y. Huang, J. Duan, and B. Hou, "A Zinc-rich coating fabricated on a magnesium alloy by oxide reduction," Coatings, vol. 9, p. 278, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040278

M. Malathi, K. M. Godiwalla, A. Kumar, E. Z. Chacko, S. K. Ajmani, and S. Ranganathan, "Generation of magnesium for in situ desulphurisation–investigations on influence of inert gas flowra," Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, vol. 123, pp. 67-74, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/1743285514Y.0000000051

C. Liu, S. Lu, Y. Fu, and H. Zhang, "Flammability and the oxidation kinetics of the magnesium alloys AZ31, WE43, and ZE10," Corrosion Science, vol. 100, 177-185, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.07.020

Q. Tan, N. Mo, B. Jiang, F. Pan, A. Atrens, and M-X. Zhang, "Oxidation resistance of Mg–9Al–1Zn alloys micro-alloyed with Be," Scripta Materialia, vol. 115, 38-41, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.12.022

F. Czerwinski, "The reactive element effect on high-temperature oxidation of magnesium," International Materials Reviews, vol. 60, 264-296, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280415Y.0000000001

B. S. You, M. H. Kim, and W. W. Park, Chung IS, "Effect of Al and Y additions on the oxidation behavior of Mg-Ca base molten alloys," Materials Science Forum, vol. 419-422, 581-586, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.419-422.581

B-S. You, W-W. Park, and I-S. Chung, "The Effect of calcium addition to magnesium on the microstructure and compositional changes of oxide film formed at high temperature," Materials Transactions, vol. 42, 1139-1141, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.42.1139

S. Cheng, G. Yang, J. Fan, Y. Li, and Y Zhou, "Effect of Ca and Y additions on oxidation behavior of AZ91 alloy at elevated temperatures," Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, vol. 19, pp. 299-304, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(08)60268-X

Z. Ning, W. Liang, F. Cao, and J. Sun, "The effect of y on the oxidation of Mg-Zn-Zr alloys," The International Journal of Modern Physics B, vol. 23, pp. 796-801, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S021797920906004X

J. Rao, and H. Li, "Oxidation and ignition behavior of a magnesium alloy containing rare earth elements," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 51, pp. 225-231, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-2612-8