Extraction of cellulose nanofibers from empty palm fruit bunches via mechanical defibrillation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v31i3.1138คำสำคัญ:
cellulose nanofibers, empty palm fruit bunches, mechanical defibrillation, high-pressure homogenizationบทคัดย่อ
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding alternative material to replace fossil-oil based product due to the environmental concern. Lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as the promising candidate due to its low-cost and sustainability. The objective of this work was to prepare cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB), which are the waste originating from palm oil industry. Cellulose fibers were first extracted from EPFB by chemical treatment, followed by mechanical disintegration using high-pressure homogenization. Fiber concentration and defibrillation time during mechanical treatment were studied to investigate their effects on the properties of produced nanofibers. The obtained micro- and nano-fibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicated that non-cellulosic components were successfully removed by chemical treatment, as evidenced by the disappearance of lignin and hemicellulose related peaks in FTIR analysis, reduction of their content in chemical composition result, and increase in the thermal stability for purified fibers. Moreover, TEM images and diameter distribution analysis revealed that fiber concentration of 0.5%w/v provided the best diameter size uniformity with the nanofiber’s diameter ranged 6 nm to16 nm, as compared to higher fiber concentration.
Downloads
เอกสารอ้างอิง
F.H. Isikgor, and C.R. Becer, "Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers," Polymer Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 25, pp. 4497-4559, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5PY00263J
A. Barhoum, H. Li, M. Chen, L. Cheng, W. Yang, and A. Dufresne, "Emerging applications of cellulose nanofibers," in Handbook of Nanofibers, 2019, pp. 1131-1156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53655-2_53
A. Blanco, M.C. Monte, C. Campano, A. Balea, N. Merayo, and C. Negro, "Nanocellulose for industrial use," in Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications, 2018, pp. 74-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813351-4.00005-5
J. Huang, X. Ma, G. Yang, and A. Dufresne, "Introduction to nanocellulose," in Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials, Jin Huang, A. Dufresne, and N. Lin Eds.: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2019, pp. 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527807437
M.F. Awalludin, O. Sulaiman, R. Hashim, and W.N.A.W. Nadhari, "An overview of the oil palm industry in Malaysia and its waste utilization through thermochemical conversion, specifically via liquefaction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 50, pp. 1469-1484, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.085
P. Wadchasit, C. Siripattana, and K. Nuithitikul, "The effect of pretreatment methods for improved biogas production from oil-palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 463, no. 1, pp. 8-14, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/463/1/012126
Y. Okahisa, Y. Furukawa, K. Ishimoto, C. Narita, K. Intharapichai, and H. Ohara, "Comparison of cellulose nanofiber properties produced from different parts of the oil palm tree," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 198, pp. 313-319, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.089
A. Ferrer, I. Filpponen, A. Rodriguez, J. Laine, and O.J. Rojas, "Valorization of residual empty palm fruit bunch fibers (EPFBF) by microfluidization: production of nanofibrillated cellulose and EPFBF nanopaper," Bioresource Technology, vol. 125, pp. 249-55, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.108
S. Gea, A.H. Siregar, E. Zaidar, M. Harahap, D.P. Indrawan, and Y.A. Perangin-Angin, "Isolation and characterisation of cellulose nanofibre and lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches," Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2290, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102290
I.P. Mahendra, B. Wirjosentono, Tamrin, H. Ismail, and J.A. Mendez, "Thermal and morphology properties of cellulose nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized lower part of empty fruit bunches (LEFB)," Open Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 526-536, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0063
M. Jonoobi, A. Khazaeian, P.M. Tahir, S.S. Azry, and K. Oksman, "Characteristics of cellulose nanofibers isolated from rubberwood and empty fruit bunches of oil palm using chemo-mechanical process," Cellulose, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1085-1095, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9546-7
M.A.F. Supian, K.N.M. Amin, S.S. Jamari, and S. Mohamad, "Production of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from empty fruit bunch (EFB) via mechanical method," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103024
A. Kadimi, K. Benhamou, Y. Habibi, Z. Ounaies, and H. Kaddami, "Nanocellulose alignment and electrical properties improvement," in Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Reinforcements, D. Puglia, E. Fortunati, and J.M. Kenny, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 343-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-44248-0.00011-0
K. Pacaphol, and D. Aht-Ong, "Preparation of hemp nanofibers from agricultural waste by mechanical defibrillation in water," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 142, pp. 1283-1295, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.008
H.K. Goering, and P.J.V. Soest, Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications). Washington, D.C.: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1970.
L. Segal, J.J. Creely, A.E. Martin, and C.M. Conrad, "An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer," Textile Research Journal, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 786-794, 1959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004051755902901003
H.V. Lee, S.B. Hamid, and S.K. Zain, "Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose: structure and chemical process," The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, pp. 631013, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/631013
V. Oriez, J. Peydecastaing, and P.-Y. Pontalier, "Lignocellulosic biomass mild alkaline fractionation and resulting extract purification processes: conditions, yields, and purities," Clean Technologies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 91-115, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2010007
X. Miao, J. Lin, and F. Bian, "Utilization of discarded crop straw to produce cellulose nanofibrils and their assemblies," Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 26-36, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.03.003
P. Panyasiri, N. Yingkamhaeng, N.T. Lam, and P. Sukyai, "Extraction of cellulose nanofibrils from amylase-treated cassava bagasse using high-pressure homogenization," Cellulose, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1757-1768, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1686-6
J. Wu, X. Du, Z. Yin, S. Xu, S. Xu, and Y. Zhang, "Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from coconut coir fibers and their reinforcements in biodegradable composite films," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 211, pp. 49-56, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.093
A.d.S. Fonseca, S. Panthapulakka, S.K. Konar, M. Sain, L. Bufalinof, J. Raabe, I.P.d.A. Miranda, M.A. Martins, and G.H.D. Tonoli, "Improving cellulose nanofibrillation of non-wood fiber using alkaline and bleaching pre-treatments," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 131, pp. 203-212, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.046
I. Hongrattanavichit, and D. Aht-Ong, "Nanofibrillation and characterization of sugarcane bagasse agro-waste using water-based steam explosion and high-pressure homogenization," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 277, pp. 123471, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123471
F. Xu, J. Yu, T. Tesso, F. Dowell, and D. Wang, "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignocellulosic biomass using infrared techniques: A mini-review," Applied Energy, vol. 104, pp. 801-809, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.12.019
K. Pakutsah, and D. Aht-Ong, "Facile isolation of cellulose nanofibers from water hyacinth using water-based mechanical defibrillation: Insights into morphological, physical, and rheological properties," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 145, pp. 64-76, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.172
H. Chen, Y. Yu, T. Zhong, Y. Wu, Y. Li, Z. Wu, and B. Fei "Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of individual bamboo fibers," Cellulose, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 333-347, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1116-6
B. Kumar, N. Bhardwaj, K. Agrawal, V. Chaturvedi, and P. Verma, "Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: An emerging biorefinery concept," Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 199, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106244
F. Jiang, S. Han, and Y.-L. Hsieh, "Controlled defibrillation of rice straw cellulose and self-assembly of cellulose nanofibrils into highly crystalline fibrous materials," RSC Advances, vol. 3, pp. 12366-12375, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra41646a
V. Kumar, V. Ottesen, K. Syverud, Ø.W. Gregersen, and M. Toivakka, "Coatability of Cellulose Nanofibril Suspensions: Role of Rheology and Water Retention," BioResources, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 7656-7679, 2017.
K.Y. Goh, Y.C. Ching, C.H. Chuah, L.C. Abdullah, and N.-S. Liou, "Individualization of microfibrillated celluloses from oil palm empty fruit bunch: comparative studies between acid hydrolysis and ammonium persulfate oxidation," Cellulose, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 379-390, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0812-y
H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, D.H. Lee, and C. Zheng, "Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis," Fuel, vol. 86, no. 12-13, pp. 1781-1788, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013
W. Yang, Y. Feng, H. He, and Z. Yang, "Environmentally-friendly extraction of cellulose nanofibers from steam-explosion pretreated sugar beet pulp," Materials, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1160, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071160
C. Trilokesh, and K.B. Uppuluri, "Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from jackfruit peel," Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 16709, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53412-x
Z.A. Zianor Azrina, M.D.H. Beg, M.Y. Rosli, R. Ramli, N. Junadi, and A. Alam, "Spherical nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 162, pp. 115-120, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.035
N.S. Lani, N. Ngadi, A. Johari, and M. Jusoh, "Isolation, characterization, and application of nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber as nanocomposites," Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2014, pp. 1-9, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/702538
A. Zoghlami, and G. Paes, "Lignocellulosic biomass: Understanding recalcitrance and predicting hydrolysis," Frontiers in Chemistry, vol. 7, pp. 874, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00874
H. Du, C. Liu, Y. Zhang, G. Yu, C. Si, and B. Li, "Preparation and characterization of functional cellulose nanofibrils via formic acid hydrolysis pretreatment and the followed high-pressure homogenization," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 94, pp. 736-745, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.059
K. Saelee, N. Yingkamhaeng, T. Nimchua, and P. Sukyai, "An environmentally friendly xylanase-assisted pretreatment for cellulose nanofibrils isolation from sugarcane bagasse by high-pressure homogenization," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 82, pp. 149-160, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.064
ดาวน์โหลด
เผยแพร่แล้ว
วิธีการอ้างอิง
ฉบับ
บท
การอนุญาต
ลิขสิทธิ์ (c) 2021 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
