Quenched and tempered high strength steel: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v30i4.925คำสำคัญ:
Martensite, Tempering, Hardenability, Carbides, Toughnessบทคัดย่อ
Quenched and tempered steel are broadly classified as low alloy conventional grades with C content of 0.15-0.40% and tool steels with C content as high as 2% alloyed with strong carbide forming elements such as Cr, V, Mo etc. in the range of 1-12%. In both the cases, steels are used in hardened/quenched and tempered or auto tempered condition for improved toughness, strength and wear resistance. The C content and tempering temperature are optimized based on desired application. However, achieving high strength/hardness along with adequate toughness is a challenge. The chemistry design is one of the important parts of developing these grades. The judicious amount of hardenability elements like Mn, Cr, Mo, B etc. are added for achieving required as quenched hardness while excess addition of these elements will not be cost effective. Optimized austenite grain size before quenching is also key to achieve hardenability as well as toughness. All these points have been reviewed systematically in this paper for the first time as there is no such review available covering all aspect of quenched and tempered grade. Unlike text books or any past review articles, this is a systematic review of quenched and tempered steel which will help in designing suitable chemistry and process parameters for producing different grades of quenched and tempered steel in industrial scale.
Downloads
เอกสารอ้างอิง
K. Valtonen, N. Ojala, O. Haiko, and V. Kuokkala, “Comparison of various high-stress wear conditions and wear performance of martensitic steels,” Wear, vol. 426-427, pp. 3-13, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.006
K. Holmberg, and A. Erdemir, “Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions,” Friction, vol. 5, pp. 263-284, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5
N. Ojala, K. Valtonen, V. Heino, M. Kallio, J. Aaltonen, P. Siitonenand, and V. Kuokkala, “Effects of composition and microstructure on the abrasive wear performance of quenched wear resistant steels,” Wear, vol. 317, pp. 225-232, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.06.003
T.G. Digges, C.R. Irish, and N.L. Carwile, “Effect of boron on the hardenability of high-purity alloys and commercial steels,” Boron-Treated Alloys, RPl 938, vol. 41, pp. 545-574, 1948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.041.043
T. Hanamura, S. Torizuka, S. Tamura, S. Enokida, and H. Takechi, “Effect of austenite grain size on transformation behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.1C–5Mn martensitic steel,” ISIJ International, vol. 53, pp. 2218-2225, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.53.2218
E. Mani, and T. Udhayakumar, “Effect of prior austenitic grain size and tempering temperature on the energy absorption characteristics of low alloy quenched and tempered steels,” Materials Science & Engineering A, vol. 716, pp. 92-98, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.020
S.H. Bhadeshia, Chapter 8-Heat treatment of steels: Hardenability, steels: Microstructure and properties, 4th edition, Elsevier, 2017, pp.217-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100270-4.00008-1
A. Litwlnchuk, F.X. Kayser,h. and H. Baker, “The Rockwell C hardness of quenched high-purity Fe-C alloys containing 0.09 to 1.91% C,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 11, pp. 1200-1206, 1976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00545136
G.J. Gore, and J.D. Gates, “Effect of hardness on three very different forms of wear,” Wear, Vol. 203–204, pp. 544-563, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07414-5
G. Krauss, Principles of heat treatment of steel, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1980, pp.52.
G. Krauss, “Chapter 5: Tempering of martensite in carbon steels” in Phase Transformations in Steels, Diffusionless Transformations, High Strength Steels, Modelling and Advanced Analytical Techniques, Elsevier, vol. 2, 2012, pp. 126-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096111.1.126
L-A Norstrom, “On the yield strength of quenched low-carbon lath martensite,” Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, vol.5, pp. 159-165, 1976.
S. Morito, J. Nishikawa, and T. Maki, “Dislocation density within lath martensite in Fe-C and Fe-Ni alloys,” ISIJ International, vol. 43, pp. 1475-1477, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.1475
A.R. Chintha, “Metallurgical aspects of steels designed to resist abrasion, and impact-abrasion wear,” Materials Science and Technology, vol. 35, pp. 1133-1148, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1615669
S. Denis, A. Simon, and G. Beck, “Estimation of the effect of stress/phase transformation interaction when calculating internal stress during martensitic quenching of steel,” Transactions ISIJ, vol. 22, pp. 504-513, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.22.504
O. Haiko K.Valtonen. A. Kaijalainen, S. Uusikallio J. Hannula, T. Liimatainen and J. Kömi., “Effect of tempering on the impact-abrasive and abrasive wear resistance of ultra-high strength steels,” Wear, vol. 440-441, pp. 203098, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.203098
B.S. Lement, B.L. Averbach, and M. Cohen, “Microstructural changes on tempering iron-carbon alloys”, Transactions ASM, vol. 46, pp. 851-881, 1954.
B.S. Lement, B.L. Averbach, and M. Cohen, “further study of microstructural changes on tempering iron-carbon alloys”, Transactions ASM, vol. 47, pp. 291-319, 1955.
H. Bhadeshia, and R.Honeycombe, “The Tempering of Martensite,” in Steels: Microstructure and Properties”, (Fourth edition, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 237-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100270-4.00009-3
J. Gordine, and I. Codd, “The influence of silicon up to 1.5 wt% on the tempering characteristics of a spring steel,” Journal of The Iron and Steel Institute, vol. 207, pp. 461-467, 1969.
G.R. Speich, and W.C. Leslie, “Tempering of Steel,” Metallurgical Transactions, vol. 3, pp. 1043-1054, 1972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642436
G. Krauss, Steels: Processing, structure, and performance, materials park, OH, ASM International, 2005.
S. Okamoto, “Strain rate and temperature effects on deformation behavior and mechanical properties of as-quenched low-carbon martensite,” MSc Thesis, (1990) Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.
D.L. Williamson, J.P. Schupmann, J.P. Materkowski, and G. Krauss, “Determination of Small Amounts of Austenite and Carbide in Hardened Medium Carbon Steel,” Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 10A, pp. 379-382, 1979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02658350
B.C. Kim, S. Lee, D.Y. Lee, and N.J. Kim, “In situ fracture observations on tempered martensite embrittlement in an AISI 4340 steel,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 22, pp. 1889-1892, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646515
D.C. Saha, E. Biro, A.P. Gerlich, and Y. Zhou, Effects of tempering mode on the structural changes of martensite, Materials Science & Engineering A673, 2016, pp. 467-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.092
C. Yi, W. Zhao-dong, K. Jian, W. Di, and W. Guo-dong, “Effects of tempering temperature and mo/ni on microstructures and properties of lath martensitic wear-resistant steels,” Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, vol. 20, pp. 70-75, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(13)60085-0
D. Kalish, and M. Cohen, “Structural changes and strengthening in the strain tempering of martensite,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 156-66, 1970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(70)90045-5
G.Y. Lai, “On high fracture toughness of coarse-grained AISI 4130 steel,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 19, pp. 153-156, 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(75)90020-8
R.M. Horn, and R.O. Ritchie, “Mechanisms of Tempered Martensite Embrittlement in Low Alloy Steels,” Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 9A, pp. 1039-1053, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02652208
R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal, and l.F. Porter, “Hardness of Tempered Martensite in Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels, Metallurgical Transaction,” vol. 8A, pp. 1775-1785, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646882
E. Kozeschnik, B. Sonderegger, I. Holzer, J. Rajek, and H. Cerjak, “Computer simulation of the precipitate evolution during industrial heat treatment of complex alloys,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 539, pp. 2431-2436, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.539-543.2431
G.W. Lorimer, R.M. Hobbs, N. Ridley, G.W. Lorimer, R.M. Hobbs, and N. Ridley, “Effect of silicon on the microstructure of quenched and tempered medium-carbon steels,” Journal of The Iron and Steel Institute, vol. 210, pp.757-764, 1972.
G. Roberts, G. Krauss, and R. Kennedy, Tool Steels, Materials Park, 5th edn, OH, ASM International, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.9781627083584
H. Kwon, C.M. Kim, K.B. Lee, H.R. Yang, and J.H. Lee, “Effect of alloying additions on secondary hardening behavior of mo-containing steels,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 28A, pp. 621-627, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0047-0
T.V. Rajam. C.P. Sharma, and A. Sharma, Heat treatment: Principles and techniques, revised edition, New Delhi, 2001.
M.A. Grossman, and E.C. Bain, Principles of heat treatment, 5th edition, ASM, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1964.
M.A. Grossmann, “Hardenability calculated from chemical composition, “American Institute of Mining And Metallurgical Engineers, Technical Publication No. 1437, (Class C Iron and Steel Division No. 299), New York Meeting, pp. 1-29, 1942.
M. Maalekian, The effects of alloying elements on steels, 2007.
R. Blondeau, P. Maynier, J. Dollet, and B. Vieillard-Baron, “Estimation of hardness, strength and elastic limit of C- and low-alloy steels from their composition and heat treatment,” Memoires Scientifiques de la Revue de Métallurgie, vol. 72, pp. 759-769, 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/197572120859
C.C. Casero, J. Sietsma, and M.J. Santofimia, “The role of the austenite grain size in the martensitic transformation in low carbon steels,” Materials & Design, vol. 167, pp. 107625, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107625
M. Cohen, “Martensitic nucleation - revisited,” Materials Transactions, vol. 33, pp. 178-183, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.33.178
S. Morito, H. Saito, T. Ogawa, T. Furuhara, and T. Maki, “Effect of austenite grain size on the morphology and crystallography of lath martensite in low carbon steels,” ISIJ International, vol. 45, pp. 91-94, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.45.91
M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, “Fracture, and mechanical properties of low-temperature-tempered martensite in SAE 43xx Steels,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 28A, pp.377-387, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0139-x
A. Salemi, and A. Abdollah-zadeh, “The effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of a NiCrMoV steel,” Materials Characterization, vol. 59, pp. 484-487, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.02.012
ดาวน์โหลด
เผยแพร่แล้ว
วิธีการอ้างอิง
ฉบับ
บท
การอนุญาต
ลิขสิทธิ์ (c) 2020 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
