Recovery of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) via melt mixing with poly(butylene succinate) and ultrafine wollastonite
Keywords:
Recycled PET, Poly(butylene succinate), Wollastonite, Mechanical recycling, Tensile properties, Flame retardancyAbstract
Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) flakes obtained from postconsumer bottles were melt mixed with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) or with PBS plus ultrafine wollastonite (2000 mesh) at various compositions on a twin screw extruder, followed by injection molding. The tensile properties, morphology, thermal stability and limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the resulting blends and composites were evaluated. Among the investigated R-PET/PBS blend compositions (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt% PBS), the 60/40 wt% blend exhibited the highest tensile strength and elongation at break, but a lower tensile modulus and thermal stability compared to those of the neat R-PET. This blend was subsequently blended with different loading levels of wollastonite (10–30 parts by weight per hundred (phr) of blend resin). According to the tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis and LOI results, the tensile modulus, tensile strength, thermal stability and flame retardancy of the 60/40 wt% R-PET/PBS blend were improved by the incorporation of wollastonite (optimal at 30 phr), while the elongation at break exhibited no significant change. Moreover, wollastonite was effective in preventing melt dripping during combustion of the composites.Downloads
References
M. T. M. Bizarria, A. L. F. M. Giraldi, C. M. Carvalho, J. I. Velasco, M. A. d'Avia, and L. H. I. Mei, “Morphology and thermomechanical properties of recycled PET-organoclay nanocomposites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 104, pp. 1839–1844, 2007.
D. D. Cornell, “Biopolymers in the existing postconsumer plastics recycling stream,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 15, pp. 295–299, 2007.
A. Hassani, H. Ganjidoust, and A. B. Maghanaki, “Use of plastic waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) in asphalt concrete mixture as aggregate replacement,” Waste Management & Research, vol. 23, pp. 323-327, 2005.
I. Acar, A. kaşgőz, S. Őzgűműs and M. Orbay, “Modification of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by using poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and hydrolytic stability,” Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, vol. 45, pp. 351-359, 2006.
J. H. Lee, K. S. Lim, W. G. Hahm, and S. H. Kim, “Properties of recycled and virgin poly(ethylene terephthalate) blend fibers,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 128, pp. 1250-1256, 2013.
F. Awaja and D. Pavel, “Recycling of PET”, European Polymer Journal, vol. 41, pp. 1453–1477, 2005.
S. K. Najafi, “Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites - A review,” Waste Management, vol. 33, pp.188-1905, 2013.
N. Kerboua, N. Cinausero, T. Sadoun, and J.M. Lopez-Cuesta, “Effect of organoclay in an immiscible poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 117, pp.129-137, 2010.
N. M. L. Mondadori, R. C. R. Nunes, L. B. Canto, and A. J. Zattera, “Composites of recycled PET reinforced with short glass fiber,” Thermoplastic Composite Materials, vol. 25, pp. 747-764, 2011.
Y. Srithep, A. Javadi, S. Pilla, L. S. Turng, S. Gong, C. Clemons and J. Peng, “Processing and characterization of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends with chain extenders, thermoplastic elastomer, and/or poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate),” Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 51, pp. 1023-1032, 2011.
Z. Z. Yu, M. S. Yang, S. C. Dai, and Y. W. Mai, “Toughening of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) with a maleic anhydride grafted SEBS triblock copolymer,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 93, pp. 1462-1472, 2004.
S. Japon, Y. Leterrier, and J. E. Manson, “Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) into closed-cell foams,” Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 40, pp.1942- 1952, 2000.
K. P. Chaudhari and D. D. Kale, “Impact modification of waste PET by polyolefinic elastomer,” Polymer International, vol. 52, pp. 291-298, 2003.
H. T. Chiu and Y. K. Hsiao, “Compatibilization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene blends with maleic anhydride grafted polyethyleneoctene elastomer,” Journal of Polymers Research, vol. 13, pp. 1530-1560, 2006.
Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. Ni, Q. Zhou, W. Guo, and C. Wu, “Characterization and mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) toughened by styrene-ethylene/butylenes-styrene elastomer,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 18, pp. 647-653, 2010.
H. Chen, M. Ryda, and P. Cebe, “Nonisothermal crystallization of PET/PLA blends,” Thermochimica Acta, vol. 492, pp. 61-66, 2009.
E. Chiellini, A. Corti, A. Giovannini, P. Narducci, A. M. Paparrella, and R. Solaro, “Evaluation of biodegradability of poly(ε- caprolactone)/polyethylene terephthalate) blends,” Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, vol. 4, pp. 37-50, 1996.
K. F. Chong, H. Schmidt, C. Kummerlőwe, and H.W. Kanner, “Crystallization of poly(tetramethylene succinate) in blends with poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene terephthalate),” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 92, pp. 149-160, 2004.
C. Kanemura, S. Nakashima, and A. Hotta, “Mechanical properties and chemical structures of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) for material reprocessing,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 97, pp. 972-980, 2012.
K. Cho, J. Lee, and K. Kwon, “Hydrolytic degradation behavior of poly(butylene succinate)s with different crystalline morphologies,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 79, pp. 1025-1033, 2001.
S. M. Lee, D. Cho, W. H. Park, S. G. Lee, S. O. Han, and L. T. Drzal, “Novel silk/poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites: the effect of short fibre content on their mechanical and thermal properties,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 65, pp. 647-657, 2005.
Y. F. Shih, T. Y. Wang, R. J. Jeng, J. Y. Wu, and C. C. Teng, “Biodegradable nanocomposites based on poly(butylene succinate)/organoclay,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 15, pp. 151-158, 2007.
S. Heidary and B. Gordon III, “Hydrolyzable poly(ethylene terephthalate),” Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, vol. 2, pp. 19-26, 1994.
A. Bhatia, R. K. Gupta, S. N. Bhattacharya, and H. J. Choi, “Compatibility of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS blends for packaging application,“ Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, vol. 19, pp. 125-131, 2007.
T. Uesaka, N. Ogata, K. Nakane, K. Shimizu, and T. Ogihara, “Structure and physical properties of cellulose acetate/poly(butylene succinate) blends containing a transition metal alkoxide,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 83, pp. 1750-1758, 2002.
H. Joshi and J. Purnima, “Development of glass fiber, wollastonite reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites: mechanical properties and morphology,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 527, pp. 1946-1951, 2010.
B. S. Tuen, A. Hassan, and A. A. Bakar, “Thermal properties and processability of talc-and calcium carbonate-filled poly(vinyl chloride),” Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology, vol. 18, pp.87-94, 2012.
G. S. Deshmukh, D. R. Peshwe, S. U. Pathak, and J. D. Ekhe, “Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites reinforced with wollastonite,” Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, vol. 64, pp. 127- 132, 2011.
A. S. Luyt, M. D. Dramicanin, Z. Antic, and V. Djokovic, “Morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of composites of polypropylene and nanostructured wollastonite filler,” Polymer testing, vol. 28, pp. 348-356, 2009.
C. K. Ong, S. Ray, R. P. Cooney, N. R. Edmonds, and A. J. Easteal, “Preparation and characterization of composites of polyethylene with polypyrrole-coated wollastonite,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 110, pp. 632- 640, 2008.
M. Risbud, D. N. Saheb, J. Jog, and R. Bhonde, “Preparation, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility evaluation of poly(butylene terephthalate)/wollastonite composites,” Biomaterials, vol. 22, pp. 1591- 1597, 2001.
G. M. Azarov, E. V. Maiorova, M. A. Oborina, and A. V. Belyakov, “Wollastonite raw materials and their applications (A review),” Glass and Ceramics, vol. 52, pp. 237-240, 1995.
H. M. Tiggemann, D. Tomacheski, F. Celso, and V. F. Ribeiro, “Use of wollastonite in a thermoplastic elastomer composition,” Polymer Testing, vol. 32, pp. 1373-1378, 2013.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
